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Öğe Commercial Relationships of Phocaea in the Light of Archaic Trade Amphorae(2018) Atila, Cenker; Okan, EmreThe first excavations in Phocaea, one of the 12 Ionian cities, were carried out by F. Sartiaux in 1913.Subsequent excavations were conducted by E. Akurgal at intervals between 1950 and 1970. The third pe-riod of excavations was begun by Ö. Özyigit in 1989 and is ongoing. This study evaluated the commercialrelationship of Phocaea in the light of trade amphorae dating from the Archaic Period found in Phocaeabetween 1989 and 2017. Phocaea began trading with Chios, Clazomenae, Samos and Lesbos around 630BC. In the following years, commercial relations were entered into with the Etruscans and Miletus andthese mercantile activities continued up to the end of the Archaic Period. A maximum of 31% of the am-phorae found in Phocaea were from Lesbos, followed by 26% from Chios, 22% from Clazomenae, 11%from Samos, 5% from Miletus and 2% of Etruscan origin. The SOS amphorae were represented by onlyone specimen.Öğe Glass Vessels from Bolu Museum(2017) Atila, Cenker; Okan, EmreIn this article, glass vessels in Bolu Museum has studied. The ancient city of Bithynium-Claudiopolis, Bolu in modern times, was one of the most important city of ancient Bithynia region especially in Roman imperial period. Therefore most of glass vessels, which reveal from archaeological excava-tions, probably belong to this city. In the Museum there are approximate 70 glass vessels dated from second century BC to 6th century AD. These so few vessels are represented with 18 different forms. This situation shows the flavor, need and the demand for glass, which is considered as a luxury consumer goods in the ancient cities of Bithynium-Claudiopolis.Öğe THE GRECO-ITALIC AMPHORAE FOUND ON MALTEPE TUMULUS IN PHOCAEA(Mersin Univ Publ Res Center Cilician Archaeology, 2018) Okan, Emre; Atila, Cenker; Akyol, Ali AkınPhocaea, which was one of the biggest cities in Ionia, was also an important pottery production centre from the Orientalising Period to the Late Antique Period. The many large pottery dumps which were unearthed in different sites in the modern city of Foca are evidence of this large-scale production. During the 1992 excavation season, a small part of the Archaic Period city wall of Phocaea was discovered in the fill of a fourth century mound referred to as Maltepe. However, in addition to preserving the archaic city wall for millennia, the other feature of this mound was its use as a ceramic dump. This situation gives us much important information about the pottery production in the city, especially during the Hellenistic Period. Many different pottery types were unearthed from the fill of the tumulus. Numerous Greco-Italic amphora fragments of the form known as western Mediterranean were also found among other pottery in the course of the tumulus excavation. The existence of these fragments here suggests that this type of amphora may have been produced in Phocaea. A total of 40 rim and base fragments were studied for this publication. In addition, in order to discover proof of their production in Phocaea, clay samples taken from the amphora fragments and soil samples taken from the local stream bed were analysed petrographically and chemically. As a result of these analyses, it was established that Greco-Italic amphorae were also produced in Phocaea in the third and second centuries BC.Öğe New Observations about Fourth Century BC Clazomenian Trade Amphoras(2016) Atila, Cenker; Okan, EmreBu çalışmada, Phokaia'da bulunan ve MÖ 4. yüzyıla tarihlendirilen "Klazomenai amphoraları" (Bir diğer değişle "Ağız Altı Plastik Bantlı Amphoralar) incelenmiştir. Bu amphoralar ilk kez Klazomenai'da bulunmuş ve Klazomenai amphoraları olarak kabul edilmiştir. Phokaia buluntuları form bakımından Klazomenai örneklerine benzemekle birlikte, kil özellikleri tamamen farklı bir yapı sergiler. Phokaia kazılarında henüz bir fabrika atığına ve atölyeye rastlanmamıştır.Bu amphoralar, Klazomenai'da MÖ 4. yüzyılın üçüncü çeyreğine kadar tarihlendiği halde, Phokaia'da kontekst buluntular yardımıyla MÖ 4. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar üretildiği anlaşılmıştır. Bu amphoralara Phokaia'da her sektörde yoğun rastlanması, üretimin daha geç döneme kadar devam etmesi ve farklı bir kil özelliğine sahip olması, bu amphoraların Klazomenai dışında bir merkezde de, olasılıkla Phokaia'da, üretilmiş olduğunu düşündürmektedir.Öğe THE PRODUCTION OF CHIOS-STYLE AMPHORAE AT A CERAMIC WORKSHOP IN PHOCAEA (FOCA)(Univ Agean, Dept Mediterranean Stud, 2015) Okan, Emre; Atila, Cenker; Akyol, Ali AkınThe third term of archaeological excavations carried out in the township of Foca, in Izmir province, Turkey revealed what appears to be a pottery workshops and dumping grounds that are capable of illuminating the ceramic industry of the city, the pottery forms produced, and the chronologies of both. The discovery of the Hellenistic Period Ceramic Workshop Sector near the Persian Cemetery Monument is particularly significant because amphora production of the ancient city of Phocaea was previously unknown, even though workshops and pottery dumps ranging from the Archaic to the Byzantine periods have been discovered at various locations throughout the city center. During the 2001 excavation season, two rooms (referred to as. Alpha. and. Beta.) and a clay basin lying under the old road to Foca revealed numerous amphorae sherds, some with obvious defects, and a piece of a stamped handle. The amphora sherds and several soil samples were subjected to various archaeometric analyses including petrography, and were thus characterized physically and chemically. The Phocaean Chios amphoras have long and cylindrical neck, long and round-section handles, conical body and a pointed base. This form is suitable for the form of Chios amphoras which were produced in 2nd century BC in terms of their typology. The other vessel types which are found in clay pool of the workshop confirm this date. These convergent forms of evidence suggest that this structure was a pottery workshop producing local Chios-style amphorae alongside quotidian wares. Within the archaeometrical investigations, physical, petrographical and chemical properties of the samples were analysed by basic physical tests, thin section optical microscopy, and PED-XRF methods. The samples were groupped by using thin section analysis in their matrix/agregate feature, type/distiribution/size of aggregate, porosity, clay type and structure. The firing temperature of the samples might be the values between the 800 and 950 degrees C. The clay type of the samples were mainly illite. Most of the samples had the brick particles in their aggregate content. Both petrographical and chemical properties of the samples gave high competibility not only the each other but also to the local rock formation.
