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    CHANGES IN ERODIBILITY INDICES AND SOME SOIL PROPERTIES ACCORDING TO PARENT MATERIALS AND LAND USE REGIMES IN ERFELEK DAM CREEK WATERSHED (SINOP, TURKEY)
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2008) Yılmaz, Murat; Yılmaz, Faruk; Karagül, Refik; Altun, Lokman
    In this study. an analysis was performed on changes in erodibility indices and some other properties of soils in Erfelek Dam watershed constructed in Sinop-Turkey with a view to generate drinking, domestic and irrigation water according to land use regimes (open space, cultivated area and forested area) and the parent material (limestone and mudstone) from which soil develops. 53 sample plots were selected from frontier lands with the same aspect (northern aspect) in the same altitude zone and approximately in the same slope class. Soil samples were gathered according to depth levels (0-20 and 20-50 cm) from cross sections of soils pertaining to selected lands. In soil samples, analyses such as particle size distribution, soil organic matter (SOM), dispersion ratio (DR), erosion ratio (ER), colloid-moisture equivalent ratio (C-MER), structural stability index (SSI), available water capacity (AWC), soil reaction (pH) and total lime (CaCO(3)) were performed. A variance analysis was performed in order to test whether the obtained results vary according, to land use regime and parent material. The results show that average erodibility indices (ER and DR (p < 0.01): C-MER and SSI p < 0.05) and soil properties such as clay (p < 0.01), SOM and CaCO(3) (p < 0.05), and pH (p < 0.001) vary according to land use regime. Besides average erodibility indices (ER, DR and SSI (p < 0.01), C-MER (p < 0.05)) and soil properties such as clay, AWC, pH and CaCO(3) (p < 0.05) vary according to parent material. Consequently, it was concluded that, soils that were developed from different parent materials and are under three different land use regimes were liable to erosion. However, soils that were developed from mudstone parent material and are being used as forested area were found to be more susceptible to erosion. The study area of Erfelek Dam Creek Watershed renders these results fairly significantly. The results suggest that considering these results in works related with planning, management and improvement of the basin will surely contribute to the economic life of the dam.
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    Effects of land-use regime on soil erodibility indices and soil properties in Unye, Turkey
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2007) Yılmaz, Murat; Usta, Ayhan; Altun, Lokman; Tilki, Fahrettin
    We evaluated the effects of land-use regime on soil erodibility indices and several soil properties in forested, deforested, and cultivated areas in the village of Unye, Turkey. Twelve sample plots (spaced 150 m apart) with northern aspects were established in each land-use regime, and samples were taken at soil depths of 0-20, 20-50, and 50-80 cm. Soil organic matter (SOM), soil reaction (pH), total lime (CaCO3) texture (sand, silt, and clay), dispersion ratio (DR), erosion ratio (ER), colloid-moisture equivalent ratio (C-MER), structural stability index (SSI), field capacity (FC), wilting point (WP), and available water capacity (AWC) were analyzed. The average (of the three soil depths) AWC, FC, and WP values were not affected by the site, although site, soil depth, or both significantly affected other analyzed soil variables. Deforestation and subsequent tillage practices resulted in an almost 20% decrease in clay content, a 33% decrease in SOM, a 15% decrease in AWC, a 51% decrease in total CaCO3, a 24% decrease in SSI, a 60% increase in DR, and a 98% increase in ER relative to undisturbed forest soil. At cultivated and forested sites, the ER and DR increased with increasing soil depth. At deforested sites, ER and DR were lowest at 50-80 cm. SOM was the highest at 0-20 cm in the forested sites. Decreasing SOM, clay content, and SSI, as well as increasing DR and ER were outcomes of deforestation. These results indicate that the conversion of forest into cropland deteriorates some soil properties, especially SOM and SSI, and alters the stability of soil aggregates, thus increasing the susceptibility of deforested sites to erosion.
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    Relationships between environmental variables and wood anatomy of Quercus pontica C. Koch (Fagaceae)
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2008) Yılmaz, Murat; Serdar, Bedri; Altun, Lokman; Usta, Ayhan
    We investigated the relationships between various soil characteristics and anatomical wood attributes of Quercus pontica C. Koch. Wood and soil samples were collected from Rize-Ikizdere-Cimil and Rize-Findikli, Turkey, where Q. pontica is widely distributed. The soil samples were analyzed for particle size distribution (sand, silt, and clay content), pH, organic matter, field capacity (moisture equivalent), wilting point, and available water capacity (AWC). Wood samples were obtained alone, with soil samples. To determine fiber characteristics, fibers were prepared using Schultze's method and measured under a microscope. We found significant correlations between wood anatomical features and soil characteristics. Altitude was 2 positively correlated with the number of vessels per mm (r=0.98, p < 0.01) and tracheld fiber wall thickness (r=0.36, p < 0.05). Altitude was negatively correlated with the length of vessel members (r=-0.83, p < 0.01), the radial diameter of vessel elements in latewood (r=-0.89, p < 0.01), the tanuential diameter of vessel elements in latewood (r= -0.96, p < 0.01), the height of uniseriate rays (r=-0.68, p < 0.01), and the number of uniseriate rays per mm (r=-0.89, p < 0.0 1). AWC was negatively correlated with the number of vessels per mm 2 (r=-0.74, p < 0.01). Furthermore, vessel element length (r=0.63), radial diameter of vessel elements in latewood (r=0.68), tangential diameter of vessel elements in latewood (r=0.73), height of uniseriate rays (r=0.68), and number of uniseriate rays per mm (r=0.53) were positively correlated with AWC (p < 0.01).
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    Seasonal variations of water quality in rivers of the düzce watershed (TURKEY)
    (2009) Altun, Lokman; Yılmaz, Murat; Karagül, Refik; Okatan, Arslan
    The Buyuk Melen, Kucuk Melen, Aksu, and Ugursuyu rivers pass through the important Düzce watershed in northwestern Turkey, and discharge into the Black Sea. The Düzce watershed is projected to provide drinking water for Istanbul until 2040. Surface water was sampled during each season from 2001-2006 at four sites (Buyuk Melen, Kucuk Melen, Aksu and Ugursuyu) and analyzed for temperature (T), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), and organic matter (pV). Seasonal differences were statistically evaluated according to Turkish Standard (TS) 266, and the European Union (EU) and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. BOD, TA, TDS, TH, and EC of the Buyuk Melen river; BOD, DO, TA, TDS, TH, and EC of the Aksu river; and PV, TDS, TH, and EC of the Kucuk Melen river showed significant seasonal differences. Concerning these rivers, DO and T of Buyuk Melen; T of Aksu; DO and T of Kucuk Melen; as well as DO and T of Ugursuyu showed highly significant seasonal differences. Although some of the parameters indicated second-class water quality during some seasons, overall, the water quality of these 4 rivers met the TS 266, EU, and WHO criteria.
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    SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF WATER QUALITY IN RIVERS OF THE DUZCE WATERSHED (TURKEY)
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2009) Altun, Lokman; Yılmaz, Murat; Karagül, Refik; Okatan, Arslan
    The Buyuk Melen, Kucuk Melen. Aksu, and Ugursuyu rivers pass through the important Duzce watershed in northwestern Turkey, and discharge into the Black Sea. The Duzce watershed is projected to provide drinking water for Istanbul until 2040. Surface water was sampled during each season from 2001-2006 at four sites (Buyuk Melen, Kucuk Melen, Aksu and Ugursuyu) and analyzed for temperature (T), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH). and organic matter (pV). Seasonal differences were statistically evaluated according to Turkish Standard (TS) 266, and the European Union (EU) and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. BOD, TA, TDS, TH, and EC of the Buyuk Melen river; BOD, DO, TA, TDS, TH, and EC of the Aksu river, and PV, TDS, TH, and EC of the Kucuk Melen river showed significant seasonal differences. Concerning, these rivers, DO and T of Buyuk Melen; T of Aksu;, DO and T of Kucuk Melen; as well as DO and T of Ugursuyu showed highly significant seasonal differences. Although some of the parameters indicated second-class water quality during some seasons, overall, the water quality of these 4 rivers met the TS 266, EU, and WHO criteria.