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    Determination of Morphological and Genetic Diversity of ALS (Acetolactate Synthase)-Herbicide-Resistant Echinochloa oryzoides Biotypes in Rice
    (Friends Science Publ, 2018) Altop, Emine Kaya; Jabran, Khawar; Mennan, Husrev
    This work aimed to evaluate the genetic and morphological diversity of 62 biotypes of Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch. (early watergrass) that are resistant to ALS-inhibitor herbicides (bispyribac-sodium and penoxsulam), using the single sequence repeat (SSR) marker system. To determine the morphological diversity, the weed was grown (five seeds from each population) under screenhouse conditions and morphological characteristics were recorded. Parameter values subjected to a hierarchical clustering analysis showed significant variation among the populations. The genetic variation among populations was determined using the 5'-SSR primer. Populations were classified into two main groups according to the results obtained from the SSR alleles. The allele numbers ranged between 2-6 per locus, the diversity values ranged between 0.27-0.99. The morphological and molecular analyses revealed differences in terms of several quantitative characteristics among the populations examined. Similarities were also found among different E. oryzoides populations grown in different regions in terms of their morphological characteristics, the genetic diversity was found to be higher. There is a potential for the spread of resistance through gene flow owing to high genetic diversity and low differentiation among population of E. oryzoides. Under such situations to prevent further resistance spread, early watergrass management in this area should focus both on reducing seed movement among rice fields and the field management practices such as implementation of crop rotation, use of herbicides with new mode of actions or cultural methods. (C) 2018 Friends Science Publishers
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    Effect of different water management strategies on competitive ability of semi-dwarf rice cultivars with Echinochloa oryzoides
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Altop, Emine Kaya; Şahin, Meral; Jabran, Khawar; Phillippo, Colin J.; Zandstra, Bernard H.; Mennan, Hüsrev
    Weeds are among the major biotic factors that reduce rice productivity. Alternative weed control methods are required in the wake of problems, such as increasing number of herbicide-resistant weed species and environmental pollution. In this research work, we evaluated the weed-suppressive effects of water levels and rice cultivars against an important rice weed Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch. The studies comprised three water levels [low (5 cm), medium (15 cm) and high (25 cm)], three medium-grain rice cultivars (Ronaldo, Nembo and, Cameo) and three weed levels [high weed density (> 30 plants m(-2)), low weed density (< 10 plants m(-2)), and weed-free]. Weed-free condition helped the rice plants achieve excellent growth and development, and resulted in the highest grain yield, while weedy condition hampered the growth and productivity of rice cultivars. Water levels had the greatest impact on weeds, rice growth, and paddy yield. A standing layer of water (high water level i.e., 25 cm in particular) not only had a highly suppressive effect against weeds, but it also helped to enhance the growth and yield of rice cultivars. Deep and shallow water levels respectively caused an increase in the leaf area, number of tillers, and dry weight of rice cultivars, particularly for Ronaldo. Ronaldo performed better than other cultivars in terms of growth and competitiveness either under weedy or weed-free conditions. This work concludes that maintaining a water layer (15-25 cm) in rice fields could produce multiple beneficial effects including improved rice growth and decreased weed growth, resulting in high rice productivity.