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    Characterization of essential oils from medicinal plants and assessment of their antimutagenic effects using Ames salmonella/microsomal test
    (Publ House Bulgarian Acad Sci, 2023) Göç Rasgele, Pınar; Altin, Nedim
    We investigated the antimutagenic activities and chemical compositions of essential oil (EO) from Melissa officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia and Orig-anum onites plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The chemical compo-sitions of the plants were determined by GC/MS analysis and Ames assay was used in antimutagenic activity analysis. Citral, linalool, thymol and terpinenes were the major components in the EOs of M. officinalis, L. angustifolia and O. onites. In Ames assay, it was determined that the EO of M. officinalis had strong antimutagenic effects at all concentrations except for the highest concentrations on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and 100 strains. L. angus-tifolia EO showed moderate antimutagenic activity against the Sodium azide (NaN3) mutagen, and reduced mutant colonies with 25.40% inhibition effect in the S. typhimurium TA100 strain at only 0.1 mu l/plate concentration. Further-more, L. angustifolia EO indicated strong antimutagenic activity against both 4-Nitro-o-phenylendiamine (NPD) and NaN3 mutagens in the S. typhimurium TA98 and 100 strains at 0.5 and 1 mu l/plate concentrations. It was determined that the EO of O. onites had a moderate antimutagenic effect at the lowest concentration and a strong antimutagenic effect at all other concentrations on S. typhimurium TA98 strain. The 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mu l/plate concentrations of EO of O. onites showed strong antimutagenic effect against S. typhimurium TA100 strain. The present study demonstrated that EOs of M. officinalis, L. angustifolia and O. onites possesses antimutagenic activity on the S. ty-phimurium TA98 and 100 strains.
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    DETERMINATION OF INCIDENCE AND IDENTIFICATION OF POWDERY MILDEW PATHOGEN IN QUINCE ORCHARDS IN EAST MARMARA REGION
    (Publ House Bulgarian Acad Sci, 2021) Erdogdu, Hakan; Altin, Nedim
    Quince is one of the most important fruit products of East Marmara Region. In recent years, powdery mildew disease has begun to cause problems in quince orchards. This study was carried out to determine the incidence, disease severity and prevalence of powdery mildew disease in quince orchards of Sakarya, Bursa, Bilecik and Kocaeli in the year 2017. During the survey studies, 119 samples were made in 105.8 ha quince orchards. In the survey, approximately 3% of the total quince orchards in the region were examined. Samplings were carried out in August. Ten trees were selected randomly from the field making an 'X' shape in field. Twenty shoots were selected from 10 trees (two shoots from each tree). From each of these shoots, five leaves were selected and disease incidence on these was evaluated using a 0-6 scale. As a result of the morphological and molecular identification study, it was determined that the pathogen that caused powdery mildew in quince orchards is Podosphaera clandestina. As a result of the evaluations, the prevalence, incidence and disease severity of powdery mildew disease in quince orchards were determined as 100%, 83.07%, 36.92%, in Sakarya province, 93.58%, 55.38%, 23.92% in Bursa province, 100%, 44.67%, 11.83% in Bilecik province and 100%, 83.25 %, 28.50% in Kocaeli province, respectively.
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    Population structure of Phytophthora infestans in Turkey reveals expansion and spread of dominant clonal lineages and virulence
    (Wiley, 2021) Gore, Mehmet E.; Altin, Nedim; Myers, Kevin; Cooke, David E. L.; Fry, William E.; Ozer, Goksel
    Late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is considered the most important and destructive disease of potato in Turkey. In this study, characterization of 367 isolates of P. infestans obtained from the potato-growing areas of the country was carried out to evaluate the pathogen population structure over the 2017-2019 production seasons. The isolates were characterized by numerous features including mating type, in vitro mefenoxam sensitivity, simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers, and virulence against a set of potato differential lines. Most isolates were A2 mating type (353 isolates). Also, 68% of isolates were resistant to mefenoxam; the remainder were intermediate in their sensitivity and there were no sensitive isolates. SSR-based genotypic analysis of P. infestans populations showed a low genetic diversity. The 13_A2 clonal lineage predominated with a frequency of 92.1%, followed by 34_A1 (3.3%) and 37_A2 (2.7%). Genotypes 34_A1 and 37_A2 were detected only in 2019. This is the first report of 34_A1 and 37_A2 clonal lineages causing late blight disease of potato in Turkey. The most abundant virulence type was one overcoming resistance genes R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R10, and R11. These results emphasized that the migration of individuals and the asexual generation of subclonal differences were the main factors driving the population structure of P. infestans in Turkey.