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    Formulation of Manganese Zinc Spinel Ferrite (Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) Nanoparticles for the Growth Promotion of Plants
    (Springer Int Publ Ag, 2023) Tombuloglu, Huseyin; Alsaeed, Moneerah; Slimani, Yassine; Demir-Korkmaz, Ayse; Tombuloglu, Guzin; Sozeri, Huseyin; Almessiere, Munirah A.
    This research investigates the uptake and potential contribution of engineered manganese-zinc (MnZn) spinel ferrite nanoparticles (Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 NPs) to the growth performance of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.). For this purpose, MnZn spinel ferrites were synthesized, and their structural, microstructural, and magnetic properties were determined. NPs (50, 100, 200, and 400 mg L-1) were applied to pumpkin seedlings in a hydroponic system for a week, and the root, stem, and leaf tissues were screened for NPs-uptake by using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Besides, the effect of NPs treatments on some phenological parameters such as pigmentation, photosynthetic efficiency, and biomass was determined. The results showed that MnZn spinel ferrite treatment significantly increased Mn, Zn, and Fe content in the root, stem, and leaf. The Fe, Zn, and Mn content in the leaves increased by approximately 48, 67, and 20 times, respectively, when 400 mg L-1 was applied. Similarly, the magnitude of magnetization of root, stem, and leaf specimens confirmed the incorporation and translocation of magnetic NPs into plant tissues. Besides, the photosynthetic efficiency, pigmentation, and fresh weight were significantly enhanced, suggesting growth improvement by engineered NPs. NP concentrations for the most efficient plant growth were determined as 100 and 200 mg L-1. However, higher NP concentrations suppressed the growth due to the migration/translocation of excess NPs. These findings revealed the potential of engineered MnZn spinel ferrite NPs as nano-fertilizers to provide essential micronutrients, Mn, Zn, and Fe in this study. However, environmental concerns must be considered when using NPs at large scales.
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    The size of iron oxide nanoparticles determines their translocation and effects on iron and mineral nutrition of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.)
    (Elsevier, 2022) Tombuloğlu, Hüseyin; Slimani, Yassine; Akhtar, Sultan; Alsaeed, Moneerah; Tombuloglu, Guzin; Almessiere, Munirah A.; Toprak, Muhammet S.
    The ability of nanoparticles (NPs) to migrate in the plant body is an important issue to ensure that the NPs reach the desired tissue and to be able to select the most efficient NPs for agricultural applications. In this study, the size impact of four different iron oxide NPs (8-10, 18-20, 20-40, and 30-50 nm referred as NP10, NP20, NP30, and NP40, respectively) on their translocation in pumpkin was elucidated. To assess the root-to-shoot trans -location, phloem sap was examined under transmission electron microscope (TEM). In addition, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometry (ICP-OES) analyses of stem and leaf tissues were performed to confirm size-dependent translocation. TEM and VSM analyses verified root-to-stem translocation of all tested NPs. The NPs treatment significantly altered the abundances of Mn, Cu, K, P, Al, Mg, and Na in tissues. The iron (Fe) content was abundant in plants treated with NP30 and NP20, and the lowest in plants treated with NP10 and NP40. Together with, only NP30 was found to be significantly trans -located to the leaves, where it was 393 mg/kg in DW, about 2.3 times that of control. These findings pointed out the size-dependent translocation of NPs. It seems that biological barriers in the vascular bundle appear to restrict the migration, especially for NPs with an average size of 40 nm and above in pumpkins. These findings are important for selecting the most suitable size of iron oxide NPs for use in agricultural practices.