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    The Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) in 2019-2020
    (Sciendo, 2021) Dengler, J.; Aleksanyan, A.; Ambarlı, D.; Biurrun, I.; Dembicz, I.; Kuzemko, A.; Venn, S.
    This report summarizes the activities and achievements of the Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) from July 2019 to December 2020. During this period, Covid-19 allowed only one live event, the 14th EDGG Field Workshop to the alpine vegetation of Switzerland, organised ad hoc as a replacement for the cancelled Field Workshop in the Ukrainian steppes. The cancelled Eurasian Grassland Conference in Spain found a partial replacement in “Talk Grasslands!”, a series of online talks during winter 2020/2021. EDGG's own diamond open access periodical, Palaearctic Grasslands, is a novel combination of scientific journal, photo magazine and member newsletter. With five issues during the reporting time it contributed much to EDGG's attractiveness. EDGG edited four Special Features in international journals (Tuexenia, Hacquetia, Flora) and contributed 13 chapters on grasslands and shrublands of the Palaearctic biogeographic realm to the Encyclopedia of the world's biomes. EDGG's vegetation-plot database GrassPlot with multi-scale and multi-taxon diversity data of grasslands and other open habitats of the Palaearctic is now integrated into the EDGG website with the GrassPlot Diversity Explorer. © 2021 Sciendo. All rights reserved.
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    Grasslands and shrublands of the middle east and the Caucasus
    (Elsevier, 2020) Ambarli, D.; Naqinezhad, A.; Aleksanyan, A.
    The Middle East and the Caucasus grasslands and shrublands host a high diversity of habitats, species and land management practices. It is the homeland of the earliest agriculture and many ancient civilizations following it. The land extends across more than 2 million km2, spanning the majority of nine countries with 269 million people living within. The variety of climate types, orography and position with respect to four floristic regions (Mediterranean, Euro-Siberian, Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Sindian) play an important role in the diversification and distribution of the vegetation. Major vegetation zones of interest are steppes, forest-steppes and related shrublands. The steppe zone is marked with Artemisia steppes of the plains, tragacanthic/thorn-cushion steppes of the mountains and scattered intrazonal saline vegetation. Forest-steppes and related shrublands are dominated by Pistachio-almonds in dry foothills and by oaks-junipers on the mountains. The region is one of the richest in terms of biodiversity: the Irano-Anatolian biodiversity hotspot covers most of the Middle East and neighbors the Caucasus hotspot. It is an endemism center pronounced with more than 4000 endemic plants and some butterfly genera. Furthermore, it supports populations of several endangered large herbivores as well as top predators such as the leopard. Livestock keeping is the major land-use activity on grasslands. Grasslands are mostly managed extensively around villages and in the form of large-scale transhumance in highlands. Shrubs and trees are harvested for fuel, construction material for local use and charcoal production. Unregulated (unsustainable) grazing, conversion to croplands, afforestation with non-native tree species, mining and energy production projects are the major threats that cause habitat degradation, fragmentation and loss. The protected areas cover ca. less than 15% of each country and their efficiency to fulfill conserve priorities are under question. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.