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    Assessment of nonchemical weed management of windmill palm (Trachycarpus fortunei) nursery
    (Cambridge Univ Press, 2025) Inci, Deniz; Uludag, Ahmet; Al-Khatib, Kassim
    The windmill palm is a distinctive outdoor ornamental palm adapted to cooler climates. Weeds pose significant challenges in palm nurseries, particularly during seedling and establishment stages. This research was conducted in a nursery with 5,500 windmill palm seedlings, starting in April 2014, when the palm trees were 3 yr old. Experiments were terminated in October 2018 when weed control was no longer necessary due to the advanced growth of the palm trees. The objectives of this study were to determine the weed composition and diversity, elucidate the effects of mechanical weed management (MWM) on growth rate of palm, and develop a sustainable program to maximize palm tree growth through effective weed management and soil tillage. Few herbicides are registered for nursery use in T & uuml;rkiye, thus weed control was performed mechanically using garden hoeing machines between rows and hand hoeing for intrarow strips. The most common and dense weeds were purple nutsedge, annual mercury, and common purslane in summer and autumn, and burning nettle in winter and spring. In 2014, weed densities were 100, 127, and 145 weeds m-2 for MWM, hand-weeding (HW), and nontreated (NT) plots, respectively. Transplanted palm seedlings required at least two, ideally three growing seasons of intensive weed control until the palm tree crowns block sunlight and suppress weed growth. The research indicated that palm trees in the MWM treatment had approximately 84 leaves and a height of 210 cm by October 2018, compared with 54 leaves and a height of 136 cm for HW, and 40 leaves and 100 cm height for NT. These results highlight the critical role of MWM in promoting optimal growth of Chinese windmill palms. Effective and sustainable weed management, combining MWM and HW, is essential for producing high-quality palm trees. The research provides valuable insights for nursery managers and contributes to best practices for cultivating windmill palm trees in similar climatic regions.
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    Flooding depths and burial effects on seedling emergence of five California weedy rice (Oryza sativa spontanea) accessions
    (Cambridge Univ Press, 2022) Galvin, Liberty B.; İnci, Deniz; Mesgaran, Mohsen; Brim-DeForest, Whitney; Al-Khatib, Kassim
    Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea Roshev.) has recently become a significant botanical pest in California rice (Oryza sativa L.) production systems. The conspecificity of this pest with cultivated rice negates the use of selective herbicides, rendering the development of nonchemical methods a necessary component of creating management strategies for this weed. Experiments were conducted to determine the emergence and early growth responses of O. sativa spontanea to flooding soil and burial conditions. Treatment combinations of four flooding depths (0, 5, 10, and 15 cm) and four burial depths (1.3, 2.5, 5, and 10 cm) were applied to test the emergence of five O. sativa spontanea accessions as well as 'M-206', a commonly used rice cultivar in California, for comparison. Results revealed that burial depth had a significant effect on seedling emergence. A 43% to 91% decrease in emergence between seedlings buried at 1.3 and 2.5 cm depending on the flooding depth and accession and an absence of emergence from seedlings buried at or below 5 cm were observed. Flooding depth did not affect emergence, but there was a significant interaction between burial and flooding treatments. There was no significant difference between total O. sativa spontanea emergence from the soil and water surfaces regardless of burial or flooding depths, implying that once the various accessions have emerged from the soil they will also emerge from the floodwater. Most accessions had similar total emergence compared with M-206 cultivated rice but produced more dry weight than M-206 when planted at 1.3 cm in the soil. The results of this experiment can be used to inform stakeholders of the flooding conditions necessary as well as soil burial depths that will promote or inhibit the emergence of California O. sativa spontanea accessions from the weed seedbank.
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    Sumatran Fleabane (Conyza sumatrensis) Resistance to Glyphosate in Peach Orchards in Turkey
    (Amer Soc Horticultural Science, 2019) İnci, Deniz; Galvin, Liberty; Al-Khatib, Kassim; Uludağ, Ahmet
    Glyphosate has been widely used to control annual, perennial, and biennial weeds including Conyza species. Conyza sumatrensis (Sumatran fleabane) is considered a highly invasive and troublesome weed worldwide, including in European and Mediterranean regions. In Turkey, the use of glyphosate in orchards has recently increased; however, extensive use of glyphosate has resulted in poor control of C. sumatrensis in several peach orchards. The objectives of this research were to determine if C. sumatrensis is resistant to glyphosate and identify alternative herbicides with different modes of action that can be used instead of glyphosate. Two dose response studies were conducted in the greenhouse to evaluate the response of four C. sumatrensis populations to glyphosate, chlorsulfuron, and metribuzin. Glyphosate isopropyl amine and glyphosate potassium was applied at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 times the use rate of 1080 g a.e./ha (a.e. indicates acid equivalent) when the plants were at rosette (5-6 true leaves) and vegetative (20-22 cm tall) stages. Effects of both glyphosate formulations were combined. The resistant populations showed higher resistance 3.8 to 6.6 and 5.3 to 7.8 times at rosette stage and vegetative stage, respectively, compared with the susceptible population. Furthermore, glyphosate-resistant populations were treated with chlorsulfuron and metribuzin at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 times use rate of 7.5 and 350 g a.i./ha, respectively at the rosette stage. The glyphosate-resistant populations exhibited 2.4 to 3.8 times more resistance to chlorsulfuron, but were adequately controlled with metribuzin.