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    The Effects of Virtual Reality Used in Healthcare Education on Cybersickness and Sense of Presence: A Systematic Review
    (Mit Press, 2024) Erbas, Atiye; Akyuz, Elif; Ergol, Sule
    The purpose of this systematic review was to present the current state of the science related to healthcare students' outcomes associated with virtual reality effects on cybersickness and sense of presence. Results of the database searches of MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane identified 101 articles. Seven articles were isolated for inclusion in this review. The primary search terms were healthcare students, virtual reality, cybersickness, and sense of presence. The studies were published between 2016 and 2020 and were conducted in Israel, the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Belgium, and Brazil. The research design was quasi-experimental in six studies and experimental design in one study. Interventions were mostly carried out with nursing, medical, and dental students. Three studies used immersive virtual reality simulation with a head-mounted display, while the others used non-immersive three-dimensional visuals. According to the results, students perceived a high sense of presence and a low level of cybersickness in virtual reality simulations. There is limited robust research exploring healthcare students' outcomes related to virtual reality on cybersickness and sense of presence.
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    Two important factors in virtual reality simulations: Nursing students' experiences of cybersickness and sense of presence
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2025) Erbas, Atiye; Akyuz, Elif; Giustivi, Davide; Privitera, Daniele
    Background: With the increasing popularity of employing virtual reality simulations in nursing education comes the need for more research examining their effects on users besides learning outcomes. This study explored nursing students' perceptions of a sense of presence and experiences of cybersickness in virtual reality simulations. Method: A descriptive-analytic research design was employed. Between March and July 2024, 102 secondyear undergraduate nursing students participated in an immersive virtual reality simulation focused on postoperative colorectal surgery care. Data were collected using the Sociodemographic Characteristics Form, the Presence Questionnaire, and the Virtual Reality Sickness Questionnaire. Student's t-test, Mann- Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare variables. Results: The study revealed that nursing students experienced high levels of presence and only slight symptoms of cybersickness. Additionally, a statistically significant difference was observed both between gender and the adaptation/immersion subdimension of sense of presence, and between the presence of vision problems and the disorientation subdimension of cybersickness. Conclusions: Since virtual reality is anticipated to become the leading teaching method in future nursing education, and therefore to maximize its potential, efforts should focus on increasing the sense of presence and reducing cybersickness. (c) 2025 International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.