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    Organic pollutant removal from ice cream production wastewater via hybrid electrode connected electrochemical processes
    (Wiley, 2025) Solak, Murat; Akyuz, Abdulkerim
    The ice cream production industry consumes a large amount of water, generating considerable volumes of wastewater. Therefore, effective and sustainable treatment methods for ice cream production plant wastewater (ICPPW) are essential. Electrochemical processes have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional treatment methods, offering high pollutant removal efficiency within a single reactor. However, research on hybrid electrochemical treatments for ICPPW remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hybrid electrochemical processes using simultaneous electrode configurations for the removal of organic pollutants, specifically chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC). The biodegradability of these pollutants was further assessed using average oxidation state (AOS), carbon oxidation state (COS), and TOC/COD ratio indicators. Various electrode combinations were tested, including BDD/SS/SS, Fe/SS/TiRuO2, Al/SS/TiRuO2, Al/SS/Al, Fe/SS/Fe, TiRuO2/SS/graphite, Fe/SS/graphite, and Al/SS/graphite. Among these, the BDD/SS/SS configuration achieved the highest COD and TOC removal efficiencies of 95% and 87%, respectively. The optimal removal for all setups occurred within 40 min of operation time. At a current density of 41.66 A/m2, energy consumption ranged from 3.611 to 7.639 kWh/m3, current efficiency varied between 0.051 and 0.083, and electrical energy efficiency was between 2.841 and 18.96 kWh/m3. These findings highlight that the BDD/SS/SS electrode combination not only provides superior pollutant removal but also does so with low energy input, making it a viable and efficient method for the treatment and potential reuse of wastewater from ice cream production.