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    Damage severity of wood-destroying insects according to the Bevan damage classification system in log depots of Northwest Turkey
    (Nature Research, 2020) Yalcin, Mesut; Akcay, Caglar; Tascioglu, Cihat; Yuksel, Besir; Ozbayram, Ali Kemal
    The aim of the study was to determine damage severity of wood-destroying insects on logs stored in forest depots. The Bevan damage classification (BDC) system, developed in 1987, was utilized to determine damage severity in log depots in 21 locations throughout seven provinces in Turkey. Pheromone traps were placed in those locations at the beginning of April in 2015 and 2016. Furthermore some stored wood within the log depots were checked and split into small pieces to collect insects that damage wood. The BDC system was used for the first time to measure the severity of insect damage in log depots. Twenty-eight families, 104 genera and 123 species were identified in this study. Based on the BDC system, the highest damage was found from the Cerambycidae and Buprestidae families. Arhopalus rusticus was determined as the insect responsible for the highest amount of damage with 8.8% severity rating in the pheromone-trapped insects group. When the stored wood material was considered, Hylotrupes bajulus was found to be the cause of the highest damage. The lowest damage values were among the predator insects (Cleridae, Trogossitidae, Cantharidae) and those feeding on fungi colonized on the wood (Mordellidae, Cerylonidae, Nitidulidae). Some other predator insects of the Tenebrionidae family (Uloma cypraea, Uloma culinaris, Menephilus cylindricus) and Elateridae family (Lacon punctatus, Ampedus sp.) exhibited relatively higher damage severity values since they had built tunnels and made holes in the stored wood material. When the environmental factors were considered, the Buprestidae family exhibited a very strong positive relationship (p<0.005) with insect frequency distribution (r=0.922), number of species (r=0.879) and insect density (r=0.942). Both families showed the highest number and frequency during July and August, highlighting the importance of insect control and management during these months.
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    Durability of Wood Treated with Propolis
    (North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2020) Akcay, Caglar; Birinci, Emre; Birinci, Ceren; Kolayli, Sevgi
    Propolis is an important antifungal agent found naturally in beehives and used as a food supplement for many purposes. This study aimed to use methanolic propolis extract (MPE) as a treatment material as an antifungal agent for wood preservation. Scots pine and paulownia woods were exposed to Trametes versicolor and Neolentinus lepideus fungi for 12 weeks, and untreated woods were used as the controls. Compared with the control, paulownia wood exposed to N. lepideus had a 47.2% mean mass loss, while the treated wood with 7% MPE had an 11.6% mean mass loss. In addition, a 27.2% mass loss occurred with the control for Scots pine when exposed to N. lepideus, and a 2.5% mass loss occurred with the 7% propolis-treated specimens. Total phenolic content and the phenolic profile of the raw propolis samples were also analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the propolis extracts still remained in the wood cells without being degraded after the fungal destruction and the propolis-treated specimens were more durable against fungal decay compared to the untreated control specimens. The results from this study indicated that propolis could be used as an environmentally compatible and natural wood preservative to protect wood against fungal attack.
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    The Effect of Particle Board Industry Waste Tar on the Physical and Biological Durability of Wood
    (North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2020) Yalcin, Mesut; Akcay, Caglar; Sahin, Halil Ibrahim
    The effect of waste tar from particle board factories was investigated relative to some physical and biological resistance properties of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and beech (Fagus orientalis) woods. Solutions were prepared by dissolving waste tar in ethanol:toluene (1v:1v) in concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. These solutions were forced deep into the Scots pine and beech woods under vacuum and pressure (deep treatment, DT). In addition, surface coating (SC) was applied by spreading 96% waste tar on the wood surfaces after treatment. Deep treated and surface-coated (DT+SC) wood samples were exposed to the wood-decay fungi Trametes versicolor L. and Neolentinus lepideus Fr. for 12 weeks. At the same time, sample blocks were tested against wood destroying house borer (Hylotrupes bajulus) larvae for 16 weeks. Total phenolic content, water uptake, water-repellent efficiency, and surface contact angle were tested. Although a mean mass loss resulting from T. versicolor of 31.1% was seen in the Scots pine control samples, only 3.87% mass loss was found with a concentration of 20% (DT + SC). The H. bajulus larvae mortality rate was 80% in the Scots pine wood samples deep-treated with 20% waste tar.
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    The effect of soil type on copper leaching from wood treated with three copper-based wood preservatives
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Baskal, Kadir Sahin; Yalcin, Mesut; Akcay, Caglar; Sarginci, Murat
    In this study, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood samples were treated with 3 different major wood preservatives (alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ), copper chrome boron (CCB) and copper azole (CuA)). Treated wood samples were subjected to 1 and 3 months of leaching in 3 different soil types and the amount of leached heavy metal Cu was determined on a laboratory scale. In addition, wood samples were exposed to white rot (Trametes versicolor) and brown rot (Neolentinus lepideus) fungi after leaching and weight losses were calculated. At the end of the 1 and 3 months of leaching period, the soil samples were taken from the pots and the amount of Cu was determined. The lowest Cu content (4.3 mg/kg) was detected in the samples treated with CCB among the wood preservatives, while the highest content (196.3 mg/kg) was determined in ACQ. The lowest Cu amount was determined in loamy sand soil type and the highest Cu amount was determined in clay loam soil type. According to the findings from the current study, leaching in soil did not affect weight losses caused by T. versicolor, while significant weight losses occurred by N. lepideus. This study indicated that loamy sand soil is more suitable for the treated wood if there is a risk regarding leaching.
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    Mold and Larvae Resistance of Wood-Based Composites Incorporating Sodium Fluoride
    (North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2020) Tascioglu, Cihat; Umemura, Kenji; Kusuma, Sukma; Kose, Coskun; Yalcin, Mesut; Akcay, Caglar; Yoshimura, Tsuyoshi
    The efficacy of particleboards manufactured with sodium fluoride against mold fungi and Hylotrupes bajulus (L.) larvae was tested. Laboratory-size particleboards were manufactured from untreated wood particles with inclusion of fine sodium fluoride (NaF) at the 1, 1.5, and 3% levels relative to total particle weight. Sodium fluoride was introduced as powder during the manufacturing process just before blending resin with wood particles. The laboratory mold test indicated that even the lowest level of retention of NaF with or without leaching significantly reduced mold growth on particleboard surfaces when compared to the untreated control specimens. The increased retention of NaF from 1% to 3% further suppressed mold growth towards lowest levels even on leached specimens. The laboratory Hylotrupes bajulus larvae tests revealed that the particleboard environment with or without NaF is not appropriate for larvacidial activity. While the tested biocide, NaF, tested positive against mold growth on particleboard surfaces, no effect was determined relative to larval deaths.
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    Morphological and chemical analysis of Hylotrupes bajulus (old house borer) larvae-damaged wood and its FTIR characterization
    (Springer, 2021) Akcay, Caglar; Yalcin, Mesut
    In this study, the biodegradation of wood and chemical changes caused by the Hylotrupes bajulus beetle were revealed for the first time using FTIR spectroscopy. In the study, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), fir (Abies nordmanniana), and spruce (Picea orientalis) wood species were exposed to damage by H. bajulus larvae for four months. Morphological measurements and chemical analysis were carried out for the fine powdery dust (FPD) and frass (FR) produced by H. bajulus and compared to control samples. In addition, the FPD and FR of the larvae were examined by FTIR analysis and changes in the wood structure were determined. According to the morphological measurement data obtained from the study, the dimensions of the larval FR were 1 x 0.55 mm screened at 20-mesh, and 0.37 x 0.24 mm at 60-mesh. Holocellulose analysis showed that less holocellulose was detected in the FR and FPD than in the control wood. In the sugar analysis performed via HPLC, the glucose, xylose, galactose, mannose, and arabinose components decreased compared to the control wood, whereas the content of acid-insoluble lignin increased. The FTIR spectra of the wood species (especially in Scots pine) showed that the carbohydrate band intensity at 1735, 1370, 1321, and 897 cm(-1) decreased and the carbohydrate bands at 1735, 1321, 1369, and 897 cm(-1) were nearly absent in the FPD and FR after H. bajulus larva degradation. However, absorption band intensity at 1508, 1458, 1268, and 1031 cm(-1) related to the lignin bands increased significantly. According to these results, H. bajulus larvae degraded cellulose and hemicellulose from the wood components, but they did not degrade lignin.
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    Production of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) from some waste lignocellulosic materials and FTIR characterization of structural changes
    (Nature Portfolio, 2023) Akcay, Caglar; Ceylan, Faik; Arslan, Recai
    In this study, oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) mushroom was cultivated from hazelnut branches (HB) (Corylus avellana L.), hazelnut husk (HH), wheat straw (WS), rice husk (RH) and spent coffee grounds (CG). Hazelnut branch waste was used for the first time in oyster mushroom cultivation. In the study, mushrooms were grown by preparing composts from 100 to 50% mixtures of each waste type. Yield, biological activity, spawn run time, total harvesting time and mushroom quality characteristics were determined from harvested mushroom caps. In addition, chemical analysis of lignocellulosic materials (extractive contents, holocellulose, & alpha;-cellulose, lignin and ash contents) were carried out as a result of mushroom production and their changes according to their initial amounts were examined. In addition, the changes in the structure of waste lignocellulosic materials were characterized by FTIR analysis. As a result of the study, 172 g/kg yield was found in wheat straw used as a control sample, while it was found as 255 g/kg in hazelnut branch pruning waste. The highest spawn run time (45 days) was determined in the compost prepared from the mixture of hazelnut husk and spent coffee ground wastes. This study showed that HB wastes can be used for the cultivation of oyster mushroom (P. ostreatus). After mushroom cultivation processes, holocelulose and & alpha;-cellulose content rates decreased while ash contents increased. FTIR spectroscopy indicated that significant changes occurred in the wavelengths regarding cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin components. Most significant changes occurred in 1735, 1625, 1510, 1322 and 1230 wavelengths.