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    Growth and physiology of basmati rice under conventional and water-saving production systems
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017) Jabran, Khawar; Ullah, Ehsan; Akbar, Nadeem; Yasin, Muhammad; Zaman, Umar; Nasim, Wajid; Hussain, Mubshar
    Conventionally flooded rice (CFR) requires enormous water and labor inputs. Water scarcity aspires for cultivation of water-saving rice. Growth response and physiology of basmati rice genotypes under the water-saving production systems has not been reported yet. Studies were conducted for 2 years to compare the growth and physiology of three rice cultivars (Super Basmati, Basmati-2000 and Shaheen Basmati), under high (CFR), medium (alternate wetting and drying [AWD]) and low water input (aerobic rice [AR]) systems. Leaf area index, crop growth rate, leaf area duration and dry matter accumulation were higher for AR followed by AWD and CFR, respectively. Shaheen Basmati had a lower growth and relative water contents than Super Basmati and Basmati-2000, probably due to its shorter stature and shorter life cycle. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of rice cultivars in the different production were affected only at reproductive stage. Basmati-2000 grown as AR had the highest photosynthetic rate followed by the same cultivar under AWD. The results of this study provide us an idea that basmati cultivars can attain a high growth and development with low water input. This would be helpful to grow rice successfully under water-short rice-growing environments.
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    Influence of Nitrogen Fertilization Pattern on Productivity, Nitrogen Use Efficiencies, and Profitability in Different Rice Production Systems
    (Springer International Publishing Ag, 2021) Ishfaq, Muhammad; Akbar, Nadeem; Zulfiqar, Usman; Ali, Nauman; Jabran, Khawar; Nawaz, Mohsin; Farooq, Muhammad
    The major challenge in sustainable rice production is to achieve the goals of increasing crop productivity, profitability, and resource use efficiency. Production systems (PS) and nitrogen (N) management patterns are two key agronomic practices influencing crop performance, profitability, water use efficiency (WUE), and N use efficiency (NUE). So, this study was conducted to check the influence of split application of N on rice productivity, NUE and profitability under dry direct-seeded rice (DDSR) and transplanted rice (TPR) systems. A field study was conducted in the summer season of 2017 and 2018 to investigate the influence of two PS (dry direct-seeded rice = DDSR and transplanted rice = TPR) and six N management treatments (N-1 = control, N-2 = 50 kg N ha(-1) as basal, N-3 = 100 kg N ha(-1) as basal, N-4 = 150 kg N ha(-1) as basal, N-5 = 100 kg N ha(-1) in three splits and N-6 = 150 kg N ha(-1) in three splits) on crop productivity, profitability, and resource use efficiency. Yield-related traits, spikelet sterility, WUE, and profitability aspects were significantly influenced by PS. All aspects of crop performance, kernel quality, N uptake, and NUE (except NUE on biomass basis = NUEB) were affected by N management pattern, while no significant interaction between PS and N management was observed for any aspect. On average, DDSR improved the productive tiller density (26%), biological yield (16%), WUE (14%), and NUEB (27%) as compared with TPR. Similarly, DDSR reduced the cost of production (31-43%), while maintaining statistically similar paddy yields and reducing total water inputs (5-17%) in comparison with TPR. Among N management pattern, 100 kg N ha(-1) in three splits increased paddy yields (44%), and WUE (42%) as compared with the basal application of 100 kg N ha(-1). Similarly, application of N at 100 kg ha(-1) in three splits improved the total N uptake (42%), agronomic NUE (146%), apparent recovery efficiency (226%) while reducing the spikelet sterility (28%) as compared with the basal application of 100 kg N ha(-1). The DDSR has the potential to maintain or increase yield, WUE, NUE, and economic returns. While, split application of N at 100 kg ha(-1) either in DDSR or TPR not only increased the SPAD-chlorophyll value, WUE, NUE, and economic returns but also reduced the spikelet sterility.