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Öğe Analysis of Detailed Chemical and Bioactive Components of Yigilca Honeybee Propolis and Determination of Antioxidant Potential(Pleiades Publishing Inc, 2022) Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Sönmez, Emine; Yalçın, Nazife Eroğlu; Acar, Merve Kambur; Çaprazlı, TuğçeThe bioactive components of propolis differ according to geographical origins, plant resources and bee species. In our research, the chemical components, amino acid and vitamin content, total phenol-flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Yigilca honey bees propolis collected from 3 different locations in Duzce/Yigilca region were examined. LC-MS/MS method was used to identify the compounds of the propolis samples. Amino acid analysis was also performed with the UFLC system. Vitamin combinations and total phenol-flavonoid contents of propolis were determined using HPLC. Antioxidant activity was measured by FRAP and DPPH methods. LC-MS/MS analysis of propolis samples showed that the amount of Caffeic acid was found to be the highest in all samples with different values. Leucine was detected at the highest rate, while the amino acid determined in the minimum amount was tryptophan. Vitamins B1 and B2 were detected in all samples with different rate except Redifler propolis. The most abundant Vitamin B1 was Redifler sample with the rate of 0.106 mg/100 g and Vitamin B2 was Hosafoglu sample with the rate of 0.130 mg/100 g. Strong antioxidant activity obtained from all samples. As a result, it was concluded that the bioactive components, amino acid and vitamin contents and antioxidant activity of propolis samples different from each other depending on collecting region.Öğe Biodiversity of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in Turkey by geometric morphometric analysis(2020) Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Acar, Merve Kambur; Bir, Songül; Çaprazlı, Tuğçe; Uçak, Münirpurpose, the deviations of the junction points in the right wing veins were analyzed with the Draw Wingsoftware program. Generalized Procrustes Analysis and Principal Component Analysis were performed to distinguishthe populations according to the deviations in the intersections of the wing vein angles. In the first two canonical planes,honey bee populations were divided into two main groups, Southeastern Anatolia and others. While honey bees inSoutheastern Anatolia, which differ in terms of shape morphology, formed a separate group in the UPGMAdendrogram, all the rest grouped closer with each other except Thrace region. This population was not separated fromthe others in the scatter graph but unseparated in the UPGMA dendrogram. The proximity of the Thracian honey beepopulation to other groups on the Plot supports that there may be a mixture in this region. Also, the fact that theSoutheastern Anatolia population constitutes a separate group in both dendogram and scatter graph showed that theremay be a different race in this region.Öğe Determination of Anatolian Honeybee Biodiversity by Wing Characters(Univ Estadual Feira Santana, 2023) Kekecoglu, Meral; Bir, Songul; Acar, Merve KamburIn this study, we report that there were five different subspecies and three different ecotypes defined so far in Turkiye, which has a rich biodiversity in terms of honeybee subspecies. However, recently, it has been thought that the current biodiversity is in danger of extinction due to the commercial queen bee supply and the migratory beekeeping activities from a single source. This study uses the morphometric method to reveal the current status of honeybee biodiversity in Turkiye. For this purpose, a total of 3186 worker bees were studied by samplings from 19 different provinces to represent the honeybee races and ecotypes distributed in Turkiye. We made wing preparations and established 19 landmarks on the right forewings using the BAB BsPro200 program. The program automatically obtained the wing's metrics' angle, length, and index values via these 19 landmarks. We used Discriminant function analysis to determine intragroup and intergroup variations by taking the colony averages from data obtained from 31 morphological characters. Given the canonical discriminant function analysis and UPGMA dendrogram, Zonguldak, Duzce, Sakarya, Artvin, Ardahan, and Trabzon constituted a group, and Edirne, Kilis, Van, and Isparta formed a separate group. Hakkari, Kahramanmaras, and Ordu provinces formed a separate line together. On the other hand, the group centers of Kars and Kirklareli, two different ends of Turkiye, overlapped and formed a close line with Isparta. As a result, this study revealed that, although the protection measures taken at the local level effectively protected the honeybee biodiversity, these measures are insufficient.Öğe Investigation of genotoxic effects of rhododendron honey using three mammalian bioassays in vivo(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2021) Rasgele, Pinar Goc; Gokalp, Fulya Dilek; Kaya, Salih Tunc; Kekecoglu, Meral; Acar, Merve KamburRhododendron honey (RH) is obtained from the rhododendron plants are grown in many regions around the world, causes poisoning in humans due to the grayanotoxin (GTX) compound in its structure. It is used by the public as a therapeutic for some diseases. It was aimed to study the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of RH in mouse bone-marrow and sperm cells by using three mammalian bioassays. 25, 50 and 75 mg kg(-1) concentrations of RH given to male mice via gavage for 24 and 48 h treatment periods and its active ingredient Grayanatoxin (GTX-III) 0.01 mg kg(-1) by i.p. injection. Chromosome aberrations (CA), polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE)/normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE), micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) and sperm abnormalities were investigated. The results demonstrated that all the tested concentrations of RH significantly induced total abnormal cell frequency including chromosomal breaks for two time periods. In the MN assay, 75 mg kg(-1) RH and 0.01 mg kg(-1) GTX-III significantly increased % MNPCE and significantly reduced PCE/NCE ratios after 24 and 48 h treatments on mice demonstrating potential genotoxic and cytotoxic effect. Although there was a concentration-related increase in the percentage of total sperm abnormalities, this increase was not statistically significant compared to control. As a result, microscopic genotoxicity and cytotoxicity marker tests showed that RH and its active ingredient GTX-III have potential genotoxic and cytotoxic effect on mice bone marrow cells. It is understood that RH that is used to treat some diseases by public, should be handled carefully and used in a controlled manner.Öğe New Morphometric Approach to Discriminate Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Populations in Turkiye(Univ Namik Kemal, 2023) Kekecoglu, Meral; Bir, Songül; Acar, Merve KamburToday, 29 subspecies have been defined, each of which is adapted to a certain set of environmental characteristics, spreading all over the world except Antarctica. Many morphological and morphometric features have been used to classify honey bees from the past to the present. It has been reported that features such as length, angle and indices coming from the front wings are very efficient for classification. In recent studies, various programs have been developed and automatic classification has been attempted through the images of bee wings. This study aimed to determine the naturally occurring honey bee biodiversity in Turkiye by measuring 7 areas (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7) on the right front wing. For this purpose, a total of 3392 worker bee samples were collected from 143 colonies in 19 provinces of Turkiye. The photographs of the prepared preparations were taken at 1X magnification with the BAB camera system connected to the BAB STR45 stereozoom microscope. The measurements of 7 areas on the right front wings of honey bee populations distributed in Turkiye were made automatically in the BAB Bs200ProP program. Colony averages of the raw data of the area measurements of each province were taken and the results were evaluated with Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) in the SPSS.15 package program. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied to separate the groups to determine the variation within and between groups. As a result of this study, the minimum total area was seen in Van at 4.51 and the maximum total area was seen in Ardahan at 5.76. The average size of the measured areas decreased from the north-east to the south of Turkiye. Area measurements on the forewing were found to be a marker for distinguishing Anatolian (A. m. anatoliaca) and Caucasian (A. m. caucasica) honey bees.Öğe Pollen Analysis, Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Anatolian Chestnut Propolis Collected From Yigilca Region(Pleiades Publishing Inc, 2021) Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Sönmez, Emine; Acar, Merve Kambur; Karaoğlu, Şengül AlpayThe purpose of this study is to examine the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of propolis samples of Yigilca honey bee against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and yeast-like fungi. For this purpose the pollen and chemical components analyses of propolis sample was performed. The Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was used to identify the compounds of the propolis samples. According to the results of pollen analysis Fagaceae family were the dominant. As a result of LC-MS/MS method the main components of propolis was pinostrobin, gallic acid, and with Syringic acid. The antimicrobial activity of the propolis samples were tested against 7 Gram (+), 4 Gram (-) and 1 acid-resistant bacteria, and 3 yeast-like fungi. First, the activity of the propolis sample against these microorganisms was determined by the agar well diffusion method, then their zones were measured. The macrodilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the antimicrobial activity tests. The results of MIC values were found between 74 and 4746 mu L for the tested microorganisms. It was found that Mycobacterium smegmatis was the most susceptible bacteria (74 mu L), Lactobacillus acidophilus (149 mu L) Staphylococcus aureus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a MIC concentration of 299 mu L. We are opinion that, considering the biological effects of the propolis extract of Yigilca honey bee, may be potentially used as an alternative therapeutic treatment thanks to its high antimicrobial and antifungal activity on different microorganisms, but its high in vitro activity needs to be confirmed by further research in vivo.Öğe Pollen Analysis, Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Anatolian Chestnut Propolis Collected from Yigilca Region (vol 48, pg 721, 2021) [correction](Pleiades Publishing Inc, 2021) Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Sönmez, Emine; Acar, Merve Kambur; Karaoğlu, Şengül AlpayAn Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359022330019
