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Öğe Atmospheric Cd, Cr, and Zn Deposition in Several Landscape Plants in Mersin, Turkiye(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2022) Işınkaralar, Kaan; Koç, İsmail; Erdem, Ramazan; Şevik, HakanThe principal problem in dense cities is air pollution and the damage to the environment caused by air pollution. Roadside landscape plants are exposed to air pollutants, especially in small urban centers caused by congested traffic, heating, and industrial enterprises. According to the type of landscape plants, being a good biomonitor varies according to their absorbing capacity of air pollutants. Chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) are the leading pollutants originating from emissions. They are selected and negatively affect several landscape plants in high concentrations. This study aimed to determine their concentration changes according to organ and washing status by commonly used 14 landscape species in parks. The heavy metal holding capacity of 14 species used was compared; chromium, cadmium, and zinc concentrations changed significantly depending on the factors evaluated to adsorb them. The ranking of the accumulation levels was determined as Zn > Cr > Cd and was detected at higher levels in unwashed organs than in the others. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl. was shown better biomonitoring features on heavy metal accumulation among all species. Its unwashed leaves' deposited Cd, Cr, and Zn were 154 ppb, 6400 ppb, and 39,940 ppb, respectively.Öğe The change in biocomfort zones in the area of Mug?la province in near future due to the global climate change scenarios(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Çetin, Mehmet; Şevik, Hakan; Koç, İsmail; Çetin, İlknur ZerenIt is inevitable that the global climate change, which has important effects on the climate throughout the world, would have significant effects on the biocomfort zones. Hence, how global climate change will change the biocomfort zones should be determined and the data to be obtained should be used in urban planning projects. In the current study, SSPs 245 and SSPs 585 scenarios were taken as a basis, and the potential effects of global climate change on the biocomfort zones in Mugla province, Turkiye were investigated. Within the scope of the present study, the current status of biocomfort zones in Mugla and their possible conditions in years 2040, 2060, 2080, and 2100 were compared using DI and ETv methods. At the end of the study, it was estimated that, ac-cording DI method, 14.13% of Mugla province are in cold zone, 31.96% in cool zone, and 53.71% in comfortable zone. According to the SSPs 585 scenario, together with the increase in temperature, the cold and cool zones will totally disappear in year 2100, comfortable zones will decrease to 31.22%, and approx. 68.78% of the province will be in hot zone. According to the calculations made using ETv method, Mugla province currently consists of moderately cold zones by 2%, quite cold zones by 13.16%, slightly cold zones by 57.06%, and mild zones by 27.79%. Based on the SSPs 585 scenario for the year 2100, it is projected that Mugla will consist of slightly cool zones by 1.41%, mild zones by 14.42%, and comfortable zones by 68.06%, besides warm zones by 16.11% which are not present at this moment. This finding suggests that especially the cooling costs will increase and the air-conditioning systems to be used will negatively affect the global climate change through the energy consumption and the gases used.Öğe Determining the 180-year Change of Cd, Fe, and Al Concentrations in the Air by Using Annual Rings of Corylus colurna L(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2022) Key, Kübra; Kulaç, Şemsettin; Koç, İsmail; Şevik, HakanHeavy metals (HMs), among the components of air pollution that is one of the utmost critical concerns our world has faced, are one of the biggest threats to living organisms. The plants, as a biomonitor, offer the most effective solution in tracking the change of HM concentration on earth and taking them under control. This paper aimed to evaluate the differences in cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) concentrations by using the annual rings of a 180-year-old Corylus colurna L. tree, which was cut in late 2020. Moreover, HMs in outer and inner bark were also compared to the values found in wood, and the direction-based change in the concentrations of these HMs was examined. As a result, the concentrations statistically differed between wood and barks for all three elements only in the north side p < 0.001), and bark samples had higher Cd, Fe, and Al element concentrations than wood. When examining the annual rings, the highest values were commonly observed in the western and northern sides, and there were notable differences between the directions in the same term. The difference is thought to be the effects of highway and steel and iron facility located at the nearest point. In conclusion, the results showed that the use of the species and monitoring method employed in this study were very appropriate for tracking the variation in Cd, Fe, and Al concentrations, and these HMs have almost no transfer between organs and cells of the Corylus colurna.Öğe Do Annual Rings Really Reveal Cd, Ni, and Zn Pollution in the Air Related to Traffic Density? An Example of the Cedar Tree(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2023) Çobanoğlu, Hatice; Şevik, Hakan; Koç, İsmailHeavy metals (HMs) in air pollution seriously threaten the environment. Although plant species are known as good biomonitors, it has not been determined which HM is absorbed by which plant and organs and how much traffic is caused. The objectives are to determine (a) if the HMs examined here are transferred between the annual tree rings and (b) originate from the traffic, and (c) the variation of these HMs' concentrations by wood, outer bark, and inner bark within these organs and density of the traffic. In this study, annual growth rings of Cedrus sp. tree located in Kastamonu city center, Turkiye, were used to determine the variation of cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) by organ and traffic density through the last 39 years. As a result, Cd, Ni, and Zn concentrations in outer bark on the roadside were approx. 22.3, 9.6, and 2.5 folds of the concentration in the outer bark on the opposite side. Compared to the values obtained from wood, the concentrations obtained from outer bark were approx. 16.5 folds for Cd, 3.2 folds for Ni, and 5.1 folds for Zn. The results reveal that Cd, Ni, and Zn elements can diffuse into the air due to traffic, their accumulation potential in the cedar tree's woods is relatively high, and their transfer in the wood is limited. In conclusion, the usage potential of this species is high to monitor and reduce the change of Cd, Ni, and Zn in the air from the past to the present.Öğe An evaluation of properties of four heat treated wood species(Elsevier Science Bv, 2014) Kesik, Hacı İsmail; Korkut, Süleyman; Hızıroğlu, Salim; Şevik, HakanThe objective of this work was to investigate the effect of heat treatment on swelling, hardness, and surface quality of four wood species, namely black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), common alder (Alnus glutinosa L.), Western prickly juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus L.) and plum (Prunus domestica L). Samples were exposed to temperature levels of 130 and 160 degrees C for 3 and 7 h. Surface quality and hardness of the specimens were determined using a stylus technique and Janka hardness, respectively. Based on the findings in this work overall dimensional stability of all four species improved with heat treatment. Surface quality of the samples was also enhanced due to heat exposure. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that some distortion and cell modification took place as a result of heat treatment. Furthermore, hardness of the samples was adversely influenced by the heat exposure. It appears that the properties of all samples exposed to a temperature of 160 degrees C for 7 h were more pronounced than those treated with a temperature of 130 degrees C for 3 h. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Genetic variation in Tertiary relics: The case of eastern-Mediterranean Abies (Pinaceae)(Wiley, 2017) Hrivnak, Matus; Paule, Ladislav; Krajmerova, Diana; Kulaç, Şemsettin; Şevik, Hakan; Turna, İbrahim; Gomory, DusanThe eastern-Mediterranean Abies taxa, which include both widely distributed species and taxa with minuscule ranges, represent a good model to study the impacts of range size and fragmentation on the levels of genetic diversity and differentiation. To assess the patterns of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among eastern-Mediterranean Abies taxa, genetic variation was assessed by eight nuclear microsatellite loci in 52 populations of Abies taxa with a focus on those distributed in Turkey and the Caucasus. Both at the population and the taxon level, the subspecies or regional populations of Abies nordmanniana s.l. exhibited generally higher allelic richness, private allelic richness, and expected heterozygosity compared with Abies cilicica s.l. Results of both the Structure analysis and distance-based approaches showed a strong differentiation of the two A.cilicica subspecies from the rest as well as from each other, whereas the subspecies of A.nordmanniana were distinct but less differentiated. ABC simulations were run for a set of scenarios of phylogeny and past demographic changes. For A. xolcayana, the simulation gave a poor support for the hypothesis of being a taxon resulting from a past hybridization, the same is true for Abies equi-trojani: both they represent evolutionary branches of Abies bornmuelleriana.Öğe Identifying the suitable habitats for Anatolian boxwood (Buxus sempervirens L.) for the future regarding the climate change(Springer Wien, 2022) Varol, Tuğrul; Cantürk, Uğur; Çetin, Mehmet; Özel, Halil Barış; Şevik, Hakan; Çetin, İlknur ZerenDistribution of tree species is a function of climatic (such as temperature and precipitation) and topographic (such as altitude, slope, and exposure) parameters. It is thought that any change in climatic parameters would be one of the most effective factors to influence the distribution of species. The adaptation of populations would depend on the phenotypic variation, strength of selection, interspecies competition, and biotic interactions. Moreover, many ecologic and anthropogenic processes that are related with each other would affect the distance of distribution. Hence, the detailed and reliable information about the geographical distribution of species under changing climate conditions is of significant importance for various ecologic and protection practices. For this reason, the present study focused on the estimation and analysis of the potential distribution of Anatolian boxwood in different scenarios (SSPS245 and SSPS585) and the estimation and analysis of environmental factors influencing this distribution. Using the current and future (2040-2060-2080-2100) climate scenarios, the habitats that are suitable for the distribution of Anatolian boxwood in Turkey were modeled using the maximum entropy model and then mapped using ArcGIS software. In determining the potential distribution areas, 21 parameters (19 bioclimatic and 2 topographic variables) were used in 21 field-based formation points. The results showed that the most important variables affecting the distribution of species were annual mean temperature (Bio1), minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6), mean temperature of the coldest quartile (Bio11), precipitation of the driest month (Bio14), precipitation of the driest quartile (Bi017), and precipitation of the warmest quartile (Bio18). According to two future climate change scenarios, the estimation models showed that there might be decreases up to 6% in Anatolian Boxwood population in years 2040-2060 and, in year 2100; the potential area of distribution will shift to north and higher altitudes in comparison to the current ones and increase by 1-4%. The human help needed for maintaining the existence of new species in the suitable distribution areas suggests the necessity of reviewing and re-designing the current forestry plans and silvicultural practices within the context of climate change.
