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Öğe Adapazarı-Süleymaniye dişbudak plantasyonlarında (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) tek ağaçlar için bir çap artım modeli(2007) Carus, Serdar; Çiçek, EmrahBu çalısmanın amacı, dikim yoluyla kurulmus, dar yapraklı disbudak (DYD, Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) mescerelerinde, tek ağaçlarda çap artımını tahmin için bir çap artım modeli gelistirmektir. Bu amaçla, normal kapalı, saf, aynı yaslı ve müdahale görmemis DYD mescereleri incelenmistir. 2001 yılında, Adapazarı yöresi Süleymaniye DYD plantasyonlarında 27 örnek alan alınmıstır. Örnek alanlar içerisinde de sayıları 1 ile 6 arasında değisen örnek konu ağaç seçilmistir. Her bir örnek ağaç (konu) ve onun komsusu olan 6 ağacın x ve y koordinatları göğüs çapı, boy, tepe boyu, tepe çapı, yas ve 10 yıllık çap artımı kayıt edilmistir. Modele, ağacın çap, yarısma endeksi ve yası değisken olarak sokulmustur. Model, tek ağaçta çap artımındaki değisimin %75’ini açıklamaktadır.Öğe Aralama şiddetinin dar yapraklı dişbudak odununun emprenye edilebilirliğine (retensiyon) ve yoğunluğuna etkisi(2018) Yalçın, Mesut; Özbayram, Ali Kemal; Akçay, Çağlar; Çiçek, EmrahBu çalışmanın amacı, dişbudak (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl) plantasyonunda uygulanan farklı şiddetteki aralamaların kesit yüksekliğine ve gövde yönüne göre emprenye maddesinin retensiyon miktarı ve yoğunluk değişimine etkilerinin araştırılmasıdır. Bu amaçla dişbudak odunlarından aralamanın yapıldığı son yedi yıllık bölümden, yedi kesiş yüksekliğinden ve kuzey ve güney olmak üzere iki farklı gövde yönünden örnekleme yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, odunun yoğunluğu ile emprenye maddesinin retensiyon miktarı arasında zıt yönlü bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yoğunluk ve retensiyon miktarı bakımından doğal ve şiddetli aralama yapılan örnekler arasında farklılık olduğu, şiddetli aralama yapılan örneklerde yoğunluk azalmakta iken retensiyon miktarında artış olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca, gövdenin alt kısmından tepe kısmına doğru ilerledikçe odun yoğunluğunda %25’e varan artış meydana gelirken, retensiyon miktarında %30’lara varan azalma tespit edilmiştir. Gövde yönünün etkisi irdelendiğinde ise, gövdenin kuzeye bakan kısmının güneye bakan kısmına göre daha yoğun olup, retensiyon miktarı bakımından daha az kuru emprenye maddesi absorpladığı tespit edilmiştir.Öğe Arly field performance of drought-stressed Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings(Pakistan Botanical Society, 2015) Kulaç, Şemsettin; Turna, İbrahim; Çiçek, Emrah; Sağlam, Aykut; Taşdemir, ÜmitScots pine (Pinus sylvestris) has a large natural distribution throughout the world, including semi-arid areas of Turkey, where it is being used for afforestation. Determining the drought resistance of Scots pine provenances can increase the success of afforestation efforts in semi-arid regions. In the first stage of this study, water-stress treatments were applied to ten provenances of one-year-old Scots pine seedlings in their second vegetation period (between April and November). The diameter and height of the seedlings were evaluated in the nursery in order to determine their morphology. The four drought-stress treatments consisted of once-weekly irrigation (IR1), twice-weekly irrigation (IR2-Control), biweekly irrigation (IR3) and open field conditions (IR4). Later, the water-stressed seedlings were planted in a semi-arid district in Bayburt, Turkey, and their survival and growth performances were evaluated over a five-year period. The nursery study showed that drought stress and provenance as well as the interaction of the two significantly affected the morphological characteristics of the seedlings. Under water-stress conditions, the best growth performance was found in the Dokurcun, Degirmendere and Dirgine provenance seedlings. Water-stress and provenance factors and their interaction also affected the open field performance of the seedlings, where the Degirmendere, Dirgine and Dokurcun provenances again exhibited the best performance. Consequently, these Scots pine provenances can be recommended for afforestation sites having conditions similar to those of the study site. © 2015, Pakistan Botanical Society. All rights reserved.Öğe Assessment of genetic diversity in natural European hophornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia Scop.) populations in Turkey(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Kulaç, Şemsettin; Filiz, Ertuğrul; Çiçek, Emrah; Değermenci, Zerrin; Vatansever, RecepGenetic diversity is a crucial component for plant survivability and fitness in terms of adaptation, genetic stability and variability. In this study, a total of 160 genotypes were investigated using 12 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers to understand the genetic structure and diversity of nine naturally distributed Ostrya carpinifolia populations in Turkey. Twelve RAPD primers yielded 111 clearly identifiable DNA bands, of which 71 bands were found to be polymorphic (64%). Observed number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne) and Nei's gene diversity (h) were found as 2, 1.53 and 0.32, respectively. Total genetic variation (H-T), within-population genetic variation (H-S) and Nei's genetic differentiation coefficient (G(ST)) were found as 0.32, 0.09 and 0.70, respectively. Genetic diversity analysis (AMOVA) revealed highly significant (P < 0.001) genetic variations among and within populations. 69.94% of total variation was observed among populations while 26.69% was within populations. Gene flow value was calculated as 0.21 (Nm < 0.5), which could homogenize the genetic structure of a population. Two geographically isolated populations demonstrated high gene diversity and polymorphic loci ratio, indicating a relationship between geographic distribution of populations and eco-geographic factors. The findings of this study will pave the way for understanding the genetic diversity between inter- and intra-populations of O. carpinifolia species, as well as they would provide valuable information for management, conservation and utilization of in situ and ex situ Ostrya germplasms.Öğe EARLY FIELD PERFORMANCE OF DROUGHT-STRESSED SCOTS PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) SEEDLINGS(Pakistan Botanical Soc, 2015) Kulaç, Şemsettin; Turna, İbrahim; Çiçek, Emrah; Sağlam, Aykut; Taşdemir, ÜmitScots pine (Pinus sylvestris) has a large natural distribution throughout the world, including semi-arid areas of Turkey, where it is being used for afforestation. Determining the drought resistance of Scots pine provenances can increase the success of afforestation efforts in semi-arid regions. In the first stage of this study, water-stress treatments were applied to ten provenances of one-year-old Scots pine seedlings in their second vegetation period (between April and November). The diameter and height of the seedlings were evaluated in the nursery in order to determine. their morphology. The four drought-stress treatments consisted of once-weekly irrigation (IR1), twice-weekly irigation (IR2-Control), biweekly irrigation (IR3) and open field conditions (IR4). Later, the water-stressed seedlings were planted in a semi-arid district in Bayburt, Turkey, and their survival and growth performances were evaluated over a five-year period. The nursery study showed that drought stress and provenance as well as the interaction of the two significantly affected the morphological characteristics of the seedlings. Under water-stress conditions, the best growth performance was found in the Dokurcun, Degirmendere and Dirgine provenance seedlings. Water-stress and provenance factors and their interaction also affected the open field performance of the seedlings, where the Degirmendere, Dirgine and Dokurcun provenances again exhibited the best performance. Consequently, these Scots pine provenances can be recommended for afforestation sites having conditions similar to those of the study site.Öğe Early growth performances of various seed sources of black (Prunus serotina Erhr.) and wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) seedlings on low and high elevation sites in the western Black Sea Region of Turkey(Academic Journals, 2011) Esen, Derya; Yıldız, Oktay; Kulaç, Şemsettin; Çiçek, Emrah; Çetintaş, Cengiz; Çetin, Bilal; Kutsal, ÇiğdemThe growth performances of one-year old seedlings of various black cherry (BC) and wild cherry (WC) seed sources (SSs) that were planted on low elevation sites (LES) and high elevation sites (HES) in the western Black Sea Region (BSR) of Turkey were assessed one and five years after planting (YAP). Significance between and within-species variations were found for seedling growth. On species basis, WC was superior to BC for seedling groundline diameter and height growth for the low elevation sites (LES) of one and five years after planting (YAP), whereas no substantial survival and growth differences were found between the species for the high elevation sites (HES) of five YAP. Generally, seedlings averaged a greater survival on the LES, when compared with those on the HES. Local WC SSs (Tefen, Yayla and Dirgine) demonstrated an enhanced seedling survival and growth on LES than the other SSs. Unlike the LES results, a collection of BC (Michigan 1 and Ukraine) and WC SSs (Dirgine, Germany, and Tefen) displayed the best seedling growth over five years. The HES seedlings frequently experienced diebacks and forking due to heavy snow fall and wildlife browsing. Selection of the local WC SSs was vital for the LES. However, BC SSs may present a potential for planting on the HES with harsher environmental conditions.Öğe Effect of N and NPK fertilizers on early field performance of narrow-leaved ash, Fraxinus angustifolia(Triveni Enterprises, 2010) Çiçek, Emrah; Yılmaz, Faruk; Yılmaz, MuratThe effect of fertilization in the first growing season on early survival and growth of narrow-leaved ash (NLA) (Fraxinus angustifolia ssp. oxycarpa) was evaluated throughout the first 3 years of growth in Adapazari, Turkey. A randomized complete block design with four replications was established to investigate fertilization effects. Granular N urea [46%, (NH(2))(2)CO, NH(2)-N] and NPK (15/15/15%; NH(3)-N, P(2)O(5), K(2)O) fertilizers were applied in mid-May of the first growing season. Fertilization treatments per tree were control, 67 g NPK (equal to 10/10/10 g N/P(2)O(5)/K(2)O tree(-1)), 133 g NPK (20/20/20 g N/P(2)O(5)/K(2)O tree(-1)), 33 g urea N (15 g N tree(-1)) and 54 g urea N (25 g N tree(-1)). After three growing seasons under these fertilizer treatments, 98% of trees were still viable. Compared to the control treatment, fertilization had a large and positive effect on diameter and height growth during the First 3 years of growth. However, since there were no significant differences among the fertilized plots in terms of tree diameter and height growth, addition of P and K to the fertilizer regime was not beneficial. The results show that N fertilization in the first growing season has the potential to improve early field growth of narrow-leaved ash.Öğe The effect of stumping back on survival and growth of planted Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007) Çiçek, Emrah; Tilki, FahrettinEffects of stumping back on the performance of browsed or poorly developing Fraxinus angustifolia seedlings were investigated in the present study. One year old bareroot seedlings of F. angustifolia were planted at a spacing of 2x2 m in March, 2004. Most of the growing seedlings were damaged by heavy animal browsing or grew poor in the first growing season. At the end of the first vegetation period a randomized block design with three replications were designed to evaluate the effect of stumping back on the performance of F. angustifolia seedlings. The treatments were (A) undamaged seedlings with good growth (shoot increment >20 cm) not stumped back, (B) undamaged seedlings with poor growth (shoot increment <5 cm) stumped back and (C) damaged seedlings by heavy animal browsing stumped back at 8 cm above the root collar in December 2004. Singling was done in stumped back plants in mid-May 2005 and a healthy straight stem was left. It was found that stumping back significantly increased growth of poorly developing or heavy browsed seedlings and didn't reduce survival after two growing seasons following stumping back in December 2006. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.Öğe Effects of spacing and post-planting treatments on survival and growth of Fraxinus angustifolia seedlings(Triveni Enterprises, 2010) Çiçek, Emrah; Yılmaz, Faruk; Tilki, Fahrettin; Çiçek, NurtenThis study was conducted at a bottomland hardwood site with heavy textured soil in Akyazi, Turkey to determine the effect of initial spacing (3.0 x 3.0, 3.0 x 2.0, 2.5 x 1.6 and 2.5 x 1.2 m) and post-planting treatments (untreated check, moving, hoeing, disking, and hoeing plus disking) on early survival and growth,of Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. One-year old bare-root seedlings (70 +/- 5 cm in height) were hand-planted in December 2004. Through three years survival was perfect with a rate of 98% in all treatments. Spacing and the interaction between spacing and post-planting treatment did not significantly affect seedling growth through three years. However, height and diameter growth increased overtime and differed significantly among post-planting treatments. The hoeing and hoeing plus disking treatments gave the highest growth, and resulted in about 31% increase in diameter and height increment, and in total diameter and height about 20%. These results suggest that post-planting treatments on bottomland sites with heavy textured soil give promising results.Öğe Effects of thinning intensity on the growth of narrow-leaved ash ( Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa ) plantations(2013) Çiçek, Emrah; Yılmaz, Faruk; Özbayram, Ali Kemal; Efe, Mehmet; Yılmaz, Murat; Usta, AyhanNarrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia) is one of the important broadleaved tree species, and it is becoming more important in European forestry because of its valuable wood and fast growing ability. Despite its wide natural range and high economic value, there is little or very limited information about the effects of thinning on the growth and development of ash stands, especially in plantations. In this study, 2 thinning experiments were carried out to determine the effects of thinning intensity on the growth of diameter, height, basal area, and volume in narrow-leaved ash plantations over a 6-year period in Adapazarı, Turkey. In the stands prior to thinning, mean diameter and stem number were about 31 cm and 416 trees ha 1 in the first experiment (at 36 years with 3 x 2 m initial spacing), respectively. The values were 24 cm and 544 trees ha 1 in the second experiment (at 22 years with 3.7 x 3.7 m initial spacing), respectively. Randomized block design with 3 replications was used in both experiments. The thinning treatments were as follows: removal of the basal area at 0% (control), 22% (moderate), and 39% (heavy) in the first experiment, and 0% (control), 19% (moderate), and 28% (heavy) in the second experiment. The 6-year results showed that thinning increased the diameter increment significantly, and the increase in diameter increment was positively correlated with the thinning intensity in both experiments. However, thinning intensity did not significantly affect increments of height, basal area, and volume. Moreover, increments of diameter, height, basal area, and volume were higher in the second experiment than in the first experiment.Öğe Effects of thinning intensity on the growth of narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia subsp oxycarpa) plantations(Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2013) Çiçek, Emrah; Yılmaz, Faruk; Özbayram, Ali Kemal; Efe, Mehmet; Yılmaz, Murat; Usta, AyhanNarrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia) is one of the important broadleaved tree species, and it is becoming more important in European forestry because of its valuable wood and fast growing ability. Despite its wide natural range and high economic value, there is little or very limited information about the effects of thinning on the growth and development of ash stands, especially in plantations. In this study, 2 thinning experiments were carried out to determine the effects of thinning intensity on the growth of diameter, height, basal area, and volume in narrow-leaved ash plantations over a 6-year period in Adapazart, Turkey. In the stands prior to thinning, mean diameter and stem number were about 31 cm and 416 trees ha(-1) in the first experiment (at 36 years with 3 x 2 m initial spacing), respectively. The values were 24 cm and 544 trees ha(-1) in the second experiment (at 22 years with 3.7 x 3.7 m initial spacing), respectively. Randomized block design with 3 replications was used in both experiments. The thinning treatments were as follows: removal of the basal area at 0% (control), 22% (moderate), and 39% (heavy) in the first experiment, and 0% (control), 19% (moderate), and 28% (heavy) in the second experiment. The 6-year results showed that thinning increased the diameter increment significantly, and the increase in diameter increment was positively correlated with the thinning intensity in both experiments. However, thinning intensity did not significantly affect increments of height, basal area, and volume. Moreover, increments of diameter, height, basal area, and volume were higher in the second experiment than in the first experiment.Öğe Farklı dikim aralıklarında yetişen dar yapraklı dişbudak (Fraxinus angustifolia) odunlarının bazı anatomik ve morfolojik özellikleri(2012) Güler, Cengiz; Şahin, Halil İbrahim; Çiçek, EmrahBu çalışma ile Adapazarı-Süleymaniye subasar ormanlarında dört farklı dikim aralığında (3x2, 3x2.5, 3.75x3.75, 4x4 m) yetişen Dar Yapraklı Dişbudak odunlarının bazı anatomik ve morfolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda lif uzunluğu, lif genişliği, çeper kalınlığı, lümen genişliği, trahe hücre uzunluğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu değerler kullanılarak, lif-boyut ilişkileri (Elastikiyet katsayısı, Keçeleşme oranı, Rijidite Katsayısı, Runkel sınıflaması, F faktörü, Mühlstep sınıflaması) belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen verilerle bu türün selüloz ve kâğıt endüstrisi açısından uygunluğu araştırılmış ve tüm plantasyonlara ait sonuçlar, Dar Yapraklı Dişbudak’ın kâğıt hamuru üretimine uygun bir hammadde olduğunu göstermiştir. Diğer bölgelerle karşılaştırıldığında en uygun dikim aralığının II. bölge (3x2,5 m) olduğu tespit edilmiştir.Öğe Influence of stratification on seed germination of Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poiret) spach, a relic tree species(Academic Journals Inc., 2008) Çiçek, Emrah; Tilki, FahrettinIn the present study, the effect of stratification on the germination of Pterocarya fraxinifolia seed was studied. Collected seeds were cold stratified without a medium at moist low temperature for 0, 3, 5 and 7 weeks at a constant temperature of 4±1°C or warm stratified for 3 weeks at 20°C for 8 h and 4°C for 16 h (20/4°C). After each stratification duration, the seeds were placed in a germination chamber at a temperature regime of 8 h at 30°C plus 16 h at 20°C (30/20) in darkness and Germination Percentages (GP) and germination rates (PV) were determined. 3, 5 or 7 weeks of cold stratification without a medium broke the seed dormancy and produced more than 90% germination. Germination rate was the highest after 5 or 7 weeks of cold stratification. The present study reveals that Pterocarya fraxinifolia has seed dormancy and 5 weeks of cold stratification without a medium is necessary to maximize seed germination percentage and germination rate. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.Öğe Kurutma, Çimlendirme Sıcaklığı ve Saklamanın Göl Soğanı (Leucojum aestivum L.) Tohumlarının Çimlenmesine Etkisi(2013) Çiçek, Emrah; Çetin, Bilal; Özbayram, Ali Kemal; Türkyılmaz, HasanGöl soğanı (Leucojum aestivum, Amaryllidaceae) ihracatı yapılan doğal çiçek soğanlarından olup, Leucojum cinsinin ülkemizdeki tek doğal türüdür. Türün Türkiye'deki asıl yaşam alanlarını Karadeniz ve Marmara bölgesi taban arazilerindeki dişbudak (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) orman ekosistemleri oluşturmakla birlikte populasyonları bu alanlarda da sınırlıdır. Söz konusu orman alanlarından odun dışı orman ürünü olarak toplatılmaktadır. Avrupa ülkelerinde uzun zamandan beri süs bitkisi ve tıbbi bitki olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu araştırmada öncelikle kurutma ve çimlendirme sıcaklığının göl soğanı tohumlarının çimlenmesine etkisi araştırıldı. Yaş ve hava kurusu tohumlar beş hafta sıcak katlamadan sonra 20 ve 25ºC sabit sıcaklıklar ile 30/20ºC (8/16 s) değişken sıcaklıkta ve karanlıkta çimlendirildi. Yirmi sekiz günlük test süresi sonunda yapılan değerlendirmede, kurutmanın çimlenmeyi etkilemediği ancak sıcaklığın etkilediği belirlendi. Yaş ve kuru tohumlarda en yüksek çimlenme 20ºC sıcaklıkta gerçekleşti (%53.2 ve 50.9). Test süresi sonunda, 20ºC sıcaklıktaki çimlenmeyen tohumlar yaklaşık altı ay daha izlendi ve toplam %90 civarında çimlenme belirlendi. Buna göre göl soğanı tohumlarının geniş bir zaman aralığında çimlendiği söylenebilir. Çalışmada daha sonra 20, 4 ve -5ºC sıcaklıklarda altı ay saklanan hava kurusu tohumlar beş hafta sıcak katlamayı takiben 20ºC sıcaklıkta çimlendirildi. Çimlendirme sonucunda 4 ve -5ºC'de saklanan tohumlar birbirine benzer ve 20ºC'de saklananlardan daha yüksek çimlenme gösterdi. Başlangıçta %50.9 olan çimlenme yüzdesi altı ay sonra %15.0 seviyesine geriledi. Bununla birlikte başlangıçtaki ve altı ay sonraki canlılık oranları benzer ve oldukça yüksekti (%96.8 ve %94.3).Öğe Kızılçam ve Karaçam Meşcerelerinde Yaprak Alanı İndeksi (YAİ) ile Bazı Meşcere Özellikleri Arasındaki İlişkiler(2015) Özbayram, Ali Kemal; Çiçek, Emrah; Yılmaz, FarukMeşcere çatısının analizinde sıklıkla kullanılan ve aktif yaprak yüzey alanının doğrudan bir ölçüsü olan yaprak alanı indeksi (YAİ), orman ekosistemi dinamiği ve verimlilikle yakından ilişki içerisindedir. YAİ değerinin kestirilmesinde değişik yöntemler geliştirilmiştir. Son yıllarda bu yöntemlerden biri olan yarı-küresel fotoğraflar sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Bozdağ (Denizli) yöresindeki kızılçam ve karaçam meşcerelerinde YAİ ile meşcere dinamiğinin belirlenmesinde sıklıkla kullanılan yaş, orta çap, ağaç sayısı, üst boy, göğüs yüzeyi (GY), dallı gövde yüksekliği (DGY) ve ölü örtü (ÖÖ)kalınlığı gibi önemli meşcere parametreleri arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Kızılçamda 24 adet (299 ha), karaçamda 15 adet (171 ha) sistematik örnek alanda ölçümler gerçekleştirildi. Dijital yarı-küresel fotoğraflar yardımıyla elde edilen YAİ değeri kızılçamda 0.77-2.56 m2 m-2 (ort. 1.59 m2 m-2), karaçamda 0.78-4.66 m2 m-2 (ort.1.70 m2 m-2) değişen aralıkta bulundu. Regresyon analizine göre, YAİ değeri kızılçamda yaş, orta çap, üst boy, GY, DGY, ÖÖ arasında pozitif yönde, karaçamda ise sadece yaş ve orta çap ile negatif yönde anlamlı ilişkiler gösterdi. Araştırma sonuçları, benzer yetişme ortamında bulunan farklı türlerin meşcere tiplerinin YAİ üzerinde etkili olduğunu ve YAİ ile ölçülen meşcere özellikleri arasındaki ilişkinin türlere göre değişebileceğini göstermektedir.Öğe Orman genetiği ve biyoteknolojisi(2011) Filiz, Ertuğrul; Çiçek, Emrah; Aydın, YıldızSon yıllarda orman ağaçlarında yürütülen biyoteknoloji ve genomik çalışmalarının sayısı hızlı bir şekilde artmaktadır. Biyoteknolojik uygulamalardan doku kültürü ve klonal çoğaltım, genetik markörler, gen transfer teknolojileri ile genomik teknolojileri yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Biyoteknoloji alanında etkili ve pratik tekniklerin gelişimi ile bazı orman ağaç türlerinin genom dizilerinin tamamlanması, bu hızlı gelişim sürecinde önemli faktörlerdir. Bu teknikler ve çalışmalar, orman ağaçları ıslahı projelerine büyük katkılar sağlamıştır. Bu çalışmalar sonucunda, orman ağaçlarında yeni gen bölgelerinin bulunması, gen transferleri, genetik haritaların oluşturulması, klonal çoğaltım ve odun kalitesinin artırılması gibi gelişmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Özellikle orman ağaçlarında büyüme ve odun özellikleri ile ilgili genler daha ilgi çekmektedir. Kavak ağacının (Populus trichocarpa) genom dizilenmesiyle elde edilen yaklaşık 45.000 genden oluşan kaynak, genomik araştırmalara büyük katkı sağlamıştır. Böylece yeni gen keşifleri, QTL analizleri, genetik modifikasyonlar ve EST dizilemeleri kolaylaşmıştır. Ayrıca bu çalışmalar, özel çevresel koşullara dayanıklı ağaç türleri geliştirmeye de yardımcı olmaktadır. Bu derlemede, orman ağaçlarında biyoteknolojik ve genetik temelli teknuolojilerin uygulama alanları ile bu teknolojilerin hedefleri ve sürdürülebilir ormancılık uygulamalarına katkıları değerlendirilmiştir.Öğe Relationships Between Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Some Stand Properties in Turkish Red Pine and Black Pine stands(Kastamonu Univ, Orman Fak, 2015) Özbayram, Ali Kemal; Çiçek, Emrah; Yılmaz, FarukLeaf are index (LAI) which is commonly used for analyzing of canopy cover and a direct measurement of active leaf area is closely related to forest and site productivity. Various methods have been developed for the estimation of LAI. Recent years, hemispherical photograph that is one of the methods of LAI estimation has been used frequently. This study investigates the relationships between LAI and stand age, mean diameter, density, top height, green tree height, basal area and litter in Turkish red pine and black pine stands in Bozdag region, Denizli. The measurements were carried out in 39 systematic sampling plots 24 of which in Turkish red pine and 15 in black pine stands. LAI values which calculated via the hemispherical photographs ranged between 0.77 and 2.56 m(2) m(-2) and between 0.78 and 4.66 m(2) m(-2) in Turkish red pine and black pine stands respectively. Regression analysis results revealed there are positive correlations between LAI value and stand age, mean diameter, top height, green tree height, basal area and litter in Turkish red pine whereas LAI value in black pine stand has negative correlation with stand age and mean diameter. Based on our results, changes of stand type are nearly effect on LAI and the correlations between LAI and some stand properties vary according to the species.Öğe Relationships between seedling height growth and some soil properties in douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. viridis) plantations(2009) Yılmaz, Murat; Çiçek, Emrah; Tonguç, Fatih; Yılmaz, SelvinazIn this study, four different Douglas fir stands established in the years of 1990-1991 in different planning units of Cide-Kastamonu Forest region were studied and relationships between seedling growth and some soil characteristics of these areas were investigated. A total 21 sample plots was taken to represent the study areas. Soil samples were taken regarding to the depth levels in soil profile excavated at sample plots, and seedling height (SH) and its growth in latest years were measured. Physical and chemical soil analyses were performed at laboratory. Regression and correlation analysis were performed to reveal the relationship between seedling heights and soil attributes. In the study area, significant correlations between seedling height (SH) and soil pH, available P, available water capacity, soil, sand and clay content, and slope level at p<0.05 level were determined.Öğe Seed size effects on germination, survival and seedling growth of Castanea sativa mill(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007) Çiçek, Emrah; Tilki, FahrettinThe effects of seed size on seed germination, and seedling survival and growth of Castanea sativa were studied in this study. The seeds were classified into small (< 5 g), medium (5-8 g) and large (> 8 g) classes. Germination parameters were significantly related to seed weight and large seeds germinated early and showed better germination than small seeds under laboratory conditions. Survival percentage and various morphological traits of the seedlings were investigated at the end of first growing season in nursery bed. It was found that seed size significantly affected seedling emergence, seedling survival, shoot height, root collar diameter and seedling dry weight but did not significantly affect shoot/root ratio and the average numbers of roots. Thus, it can be concluded that large seeds in C. sativa have better germination and survival, and the larger the seed, the larger the average seedling would be in seedling diameter, height and dry weight. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.Öğe Thinning experiments in narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) plantations: 10-year results(Springer, 2018) Özbayram, Ali Kemal; Çiçek, EmrahNarrow-leaved ash (NLA) has a wide natural distribution with ecologically different areas; however, in Sakarya, Turkey, the bottomland forests are now mostly dominated by pure NLA plantations. In this study, two thinning experiments were carried out in 22- and 36-year-old NLA plantations in Sakarya in order to determine the effects of different thinning intensity (unthinned or the control, removal of 22.3 and 39.4% of the basal area) on mean diameter, basal area and volume growth of the whole stand, those of the 100 largest trees in the stand and trees of initial diameter size class after 10 years. A randomized block design with three replications was used in both experiments. Ten-year results of selective low thinning treatments indicated that thinning significantly increased diameter increments, which were positively correlated with the thinning intensity in both plantations when compared to the control. Heavy thinning increased the increment of mean stand diameter but did not significantly affect the basal area or volume of the stand in either of the experiments. However, in the first experiment, basal area and volume increments differed significantly among treatments, increasing with thinning intensity for the 100 largest trees. In the second experiment, although not statistically significant, the basal area and volume increments also increased with thinning intensity for the 100 largest trees. Moreover, all measured increments were higher in the younger plantation than in the older. These results showed that different thinning intensities applied in NLA plantations can produce similar basal area and volume increments. Consequently, to maximize diameter growth and increase crop tree value, heavy thinning treatments can be recommended, particularly for young NLA plantations at bottomland sites.
