Burak Bostan, MehmetPolat, Fikret2025-10-112025-10-11202500803113930360-3199https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.151685https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12684/21300This study investigates the performance of nine single-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) equipped with nanomaterial-modified anodes using real domestic wastewater. Boron nitride-modified anodes achieved the highest output, with a 132 % increase in voltage and a 4.6-fold improvement in power density compared to the control. Steady-state averages, in addition to maximum values, were reported to avoid overestimation of performance. COD removal efficiencies (62–85 %) correlated strongly with energy recovery, while low coulombic efficiencies (6–9 %) were attributed to competing electron acceptors such as sulfate and nitrate. Statistical analysis (ANOVA, p < 0.05) confirmed significant differences among systems. Comparative analysis showed that BN outperformed CNT, graphene, and MnO<inf>2</inf>- or TiO<inf>2</inf>-based electrodes, demonstrating enhanced electron transfer and bioelectrocatalysis. This study highlights the practical potential of nanomaterial-modified anodes in MFCs, while recognizing challenges in scalability, cost, and long-term stability. Future research should focus on low-cost synthesis methods and pilot-scale demonstrations to enable integration into existing wastewater treatment facilities. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.en10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.151685info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessEnergy RecoveryMicrobial Fuel CellNanomaterialWastewaterWastewater Treatment PlantAnodesCost Benefit AnalysisElectron TransitionsGas Fuel PurificationGrapheneReclamationWastewater TreatmentEnergy RecoveryHigh OutputMicrobialsPerformancePower DensitiesReal Domestic WastewatersSingle ChambersSteady StateSustainable Wastewater TreatmentsWaste Water Treatment PlantsMicrobial Fuel CellsNanostructured MaterialsTitanium DioxideArticle1782-s2.0-105016458490Q1