Ramazanoğlu, DoğuSubaşı, AzimeMusatat, Ahmad BadreddinDemir, AhmetSubaşı, SerkanMaraşlı, Muhammed2025-08-252025-08-252025https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141231https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12684/20136This study explores SnO?-based hybrid composite (SnO?-@) doped glass fiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC) for enhanced dielectric, energy storage, and mechanical performance. Microstructural analysis confirmed SnO?-@ promotes ettringite and calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) formation, improving matrix integrity. Aged samples exhibited a 650?% increase in surface roughness (Ra) and over 200?% higher Leeb hardness, demonstrating durability. Dielectric spectroscopy revealed frequency-dependent tunability: 1?% SnO?-@ achieved a peak dielectric constant (?' = 130 at 10?kHz), shifting to ?' =?140 at 100?kHz for 2–3?% doping. AC conductivity surged by 60?%, correlating with SnO?-@-induced interfacial polarization and charge mobility. Energy storage capacity improved significantly, attributed to optimized dipole alignment and reduced leakage currents. Color stability remained robust (?E* ? 2.8 post-aging), ensuring aesthetic viability. These results position SnO?-@-doped GFRC as a multifunctional material for smart infrastructure, integrating structural resilience, adaptive dielectric properties, and energy storage potential for next-generation urban applications.en10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141231info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessDielectric properties Energy storage Glass fiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC) SnO2- based hybrid composite (SnO2-@) CapacitorArticle476141231