Çelik, EmreÖztürk, NihatHoussein, Essam H.2023-07-262023-07-2620230941-06431433-3058https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-022-07813-1https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12684/13096This paper investigates the use of energy storage devices (ESDs) as back-up sources to escalate load frequency control (LFC) of power systems (PSs). The PS models implemented here are 2-area linear and nonlinear non-reheat thermal PSs besides 3-area nonlinear hydro-thermal PS. PID controller is employed as secondary controller in each control area and ESDs such as battery energy storage system, flywheel energy storage system and ultra-capacitor are employed to assist LFC task during crest load disturbances. PID controller parameters are optimized by salp swarm algorithm (SSA) using a new cost function. This function is innovative, improving system stability by increasing stability margin of the system. Contribution of the proposed approach are thoroughly justified by contrasting it against the renowned works in the state-of-the-art. The comparison analysis clearly unveils that SSA optimized PID controller with ESDs is able to significantly reduce settling time and unwanted oscillations of frequency and tie-line power deviations with a greater stability margin. Our proposal is also more economic than the existing solutions considering the trade-off between simplicity and effectiveness.en10.1007/s00521-022-07813-1info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessEnergy Storage Devices; Cost Function; Load Frequency Control; Governor Dead Band; Generation Rate Constraint; Pid Controller; Salp Swarm AlgorithmAutomatic-Generation Control; Differential Evolution Algorithm; Stochastic Fractal Search; Symbiotic Organisms Search; Pid Controller; Efficient Design; Thermal System; Optimization; Parameters; AgcArticle3516816972-s2.0-85138240557WOS:000859288300003Q1Q2