Chen, Zhuo JobMa, ZhiqiongGhorbani, NimaKhan, ZiasmaTekke, Mustafa2023-07-262023-07-2620221941-10221943-1562https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000385https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12684/12708This study examined measurement invariances of the 14-item Muslim Attitudes Toward Religion (MAR) and the 15-item Muslim Experiential Religiousness (MER) scales in 4 Muslim samples in China (N = 191), Iran (N = 346), Malaysia (N = 236), and Pakistan (N = 320). Results supported weak invariance (equal indicator loadings) for both MAR and MER and partial strong invariance (equal indicator intercepts) after freeing intercepts for 3 items of MAR and for 4 items of MER. Regression analyses of the 2 scales with intrinsic religious orientation evidenced the 3-I model of Muslim religious spirituality that Muslim spirituality initiates, invigorates, and integrates expression of Muslim religiosity in its implications for psychological adjustment. Validation of these scales in 4 linguistically and culturally diverse Muslim cultures substantiates the usefulness of these measures for assessing the distinguished but integrated constructs of Muslim religiosity and spirituality. Suggestion for brief and revised scales is also given.en10.1037/rel0000385info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessReligiosity; Spirituality; Muslim; Measurement Invariance; Cross-CulturePsychological Adjustment; Mystical Experience; Transliminality; Commitment; LifeArticle144503511WOS:000927815900010Q2